Other strategies include molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sputter deposition (RF, magnetron, and ion beam). Electroless deposition uses a chemical response that causes a steel to precipitate and coat close by surfaces. In latest developments patented by ABCD Technology, substrate rotation is now not required, resulting in new potentialities resembling in-situ patterning with particle beams. In current developments patented by ABCD Technology, substrate rotation is no longer required.

Within the 1990s the development of new laser know-how, comparable to lasers with high repetition fee and quick pulse durations, [vapeleave](http://https253a252fevolv.[email protected]/phpinfo.php?a[]=%3Ca%20href=https://www.vapeleave.com%3Evapeleave%3C/a%3E%3Cmeta%20http-equiv=refresh%20content=0

Edit

Pub: 10 Oct 2025 19:04 UTC

Views: 5