Tocharian Dの動詞
- Tocharian Dの動詞
- strong class 1(Vowel + y/i)
- strong class 2a(Vowel + w/u)
- strong class 2b
- strong class 3(Vowel + m,n,l,r + another consonant)
- strong class 4(Vowel + l, r, m or n + no other consonant)
- strong class 5(any consonant other than y, w, l, r, m or n)
- strong class 6(Vowel + a single consonant, if the present stem had a or o in late PIE)
- strong class 7(reduplication)
- weak class1
- weak class1(i)(no suffix in the present, and no suffix in the past)
- weak class1(ii)( the suffix -j- in the present and no suffix in the past)
- weak class1(iii)(the suffix -j- in the present and -i- in the past)
- weak class2(with a suffix -ō-)
- weak class3 j-present(*-ja- in the past, and no suffix in the past)
- まとめ
- strong verb
- strong class 1(Vowel + y/i)
- strong class 2a(Vowel + w/u)
- strong class 2b
- strong class 3(Vowel + m,n,l,r + another consonant)
- strong class 4(Vowel + l, r, m or n + no other consonant)
- strong class 5(any consonant other than y, w, l, r, m or n)
- strong class 6(Vowel + a single consonant, if the present stem had a or o in late PIE)
- strong class 7
- weak verb
- strong verb
- 改善案
strong class 1(Vowel + y/i)
*rīdaną
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *ŕita | *ŕito | — | *ŕitay | ? |
| 2nd singular | *ŕicäš | *ŕitay | *ŕi | *ŕitasay | *ŕitayäso |
| 3rd singular | *ŕicäc | *ŕitay | *ŕitato | *ŕitatay | *ŕitayäto |
| 1st dual | *ŕita | *ŕitayäw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *ŕitac | *ŕitayäc | *ŕitac | — | — |
| 1st plural | *ŕitama | *ŕitayäm | — | *ŕitantay | *ŕitayänto |
| 2nd plural | *ŕic | *ŕitay | *ŕic | *ŕitantay | *ŕitayänto |
| 3rd plural | *ŕitanc | *ŕitay | *ŕitanto | *ŕitantay | *ŕitayänto |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *ray | *ŕäti |
| 2nd singular | *ray | *ŕäci |
| 3rd singular | *ray | *ŕäci |
| 1st dual | *ŕätu | *ŕciw |
| 2nd dual | *ŕätäc | *ŕcic |
| 1st plural | *ŕätäm | *ŕäcim |
| 2nd plural | *ŕät | *ŕäci |
| 3rd plural | *ŕät | *ŕäci |
| present | past | |
|---|---|---|
| participles | *ŕita | *ŕtana |
strong class 2a(Vowel + w/u)
*freusaną
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *fŕusa | *fŕuso | — | *fŕusay | ? |
| 2nd singular | *fŕušäš | *fŕusay | *fŕu | *fŕusasay | *fŕusayso |
| 3rd singular | *fŕušäc | *fŕusay | *fŕusato | *fŕusatay | *fŕusayto |
| 1st dual | *fŕusa | *fŕusayäw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *fŕusac | *fŕusayäc | *fŕusac | — | — |
| 1st plural | *fŕusama | *fŕusayäm | — | *fŕusantay | *fŕusayänto |
| 2nd plural | *fŕuš | *fŕusay | *fŕwäš | *fŕusantay | *fŕusayänto |
| 3rd plural | *fŕusanc | *fŕusay | *fŕusanto | *fŕusantay | *fŕusayänto |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *fro | *fräši |
| 2nd singular | *fro | *fräši |
| 3rd singular | *fro | *fräši |
| 1st dual | *fräsu | *fräšiw |
| 2nd dual | *fräsäc | *frušic |
| 1st plural | *fräsäm | *fräšim |
| 2nd plural | *fräs | *fräši |
| 3rd plural | *fräs | *fräši |
| present | past | |
|---|---|---|
| participles | *fŕäsa | *frusana |
strong class 2b
*lūkaną
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *luka | *luko | — | *lukay | ? |
| 2nd singular | *lutsäš | *lukay | *lu | *lukasay | *lukayäso |
| 3rd singular | *lutsäc | *lukay | *lukato | *lukatay | *lukayäto |
| 1st dual | *luka | *lukayäw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *lukac | *lukayäc | *lukac | — | — |
| 1st plural | *lukama | *lukayäm | — | *lukantay | *lukayänto |
| 2nd plural | *luts | *lukay | *luts | *lukantay | *lukayänto |
| 3rd plural | *lukanc | *lukay | *lukanto | *lukantay | *lukayänto |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *lo | *lätsi |
| 2nd singular | *lo | *lätsi |
| 3rd singular | *lo | *lätsi |
| 1st dual | *läkwu | *lätsiw |
| 2nd dual | *läkwäc | *lutsic |
| 1st plural | *läkwäm | *lätsim |
| 2nd plural | *läkw | *lätsi |
| 3rd plural | *läkw | *lätsi |
| present | past | |
|---|---|---|
| participles | *luka | *lkana |
strong class 3(Vowel + m,n,l,r + another consonant)
*bindaną
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *pinta | *pinto | — | *pintay | ? |
| 2nd singular | *pincäš | *pintay | *pi | *pintasay | *pintayso |
| 3rd singular | *pincäc | *pintay | *pintato | *pintatay | *pintayto |
| 1st dual | *pinta | *pintayäw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *pintac | *pintayäc | *pintac | — | — |
| 1st plural | *pintama | *pintayäm | — | *pintantay | *pintayänto |
| 2nd plural | *pinc | *pintay | *pinc | *pintantay | *pintayänto |
| 3rd plural | *pintanc | *pintay | *pintanto | *pintantay | *pintayänto |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *pa | *pänci |
| 2nd singular | *pa | *pänci |
| 3rd singular | *pa | *pänci |
| 1st dual | *päntu | *pänciw |
| 2nd dual | *päntäc | *päncic |
| 1st plural | *päntäm | *päncim |
| 2nd plural | *pänt | *pänci |
| 3rd plural | *pänt | *pänci |
| present | past | |
|---|---|---|
| participles | *pinta | *päntana |
strong class 4(Vowel + l, r, m or n + no other consonant)
*beraną
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *pira | *piro | — | *piray | ? |
| 2nd singular | *piŕäš | *piray | *pir | *pirasay | *pirayso |
| 3rd singular | *piŕäc | *piray | *pirato | *piratay | *pirayto |
| 1st dual | *pira | *pirayäw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *pirac | *pirayäc | *pirac | — | — |
| 1st plural | *pirama | *pirayäm | — | *pirantay | *pirayänto |
| 2nd plural | *piŕ | *piray | *piŕ | *pirantay | *pirayänto |
| 3rd plural | *piranc | *piray | *piranto | *pirantay | *pirayänto |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *par | *pyeŕi |
| 2nd singular | *par | *pyeŕi |
| 3rd singular | *par | *pyeŕi |
| 1st dual | *pyeru | *pyeŕiw |
| 2nd dual | *pyeräc | *pyeŕic |
| 1st plural | *pyeräm | *pyeŕim |
| 2nd plural | *pyer | *pyeŕi |
| 3rd plural | *pyer | *pyeŕi |
| present | past | |
|---|---|---|
| participles | *pira | *purana |
strong class 5(any consonant other than y, w, l, r, m or n)
*lesaną
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *lyäsa | *lyäsaw | — | *lyäsay | ? |
| 2nd singular | *lyäšäš | *lyäsay | *lyä | *lyäsasay | *lyäsayso |
| 3rd singular | *lyäšäc | *lyäsay | *lyäsataw | *lyäsatay | *lyäsayto |
| 1st dual | *lyäsa | *lyäsayäw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *lyäsac | *lyäsayäc | *lyäsac | — | — |
| 1st plural | *lyäsama | *lyäsayäm | — | *lyäsantay | *lyäsayänto |
| 2nd plural | *lyäš | *lyäsay | *lyäš | *lyäsantay | *lyäsayänto |
| 3rd plural | *lyäsanc | *lyäsay | *lyäsantaw | *lyäsantay | *lyäsayänto |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *la | *lyeši |
| 2nd singular | *la | *lyeši |
| 3rd singular | *la | *lyeši |
| 1st dual | *lyesu | *lyešiw |
| 2nd dual | *lyesäc | *lyešic |
| 1st plural | *lyesäm | *lyešim |
| 2nd plural | *lyes | *lyeši |
| 3rd plural | *lyes | *lyeši |
| present | past | |
|---|---|---|
| participles | *lyäsa | *lysana |
strong class 6(Vowel + a single consonant, if the present stem had a or o in late PIE)
*alaną
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *ala | *alo | — | *alay | ? |
| 2nd singular | *alyäš | *alay | *al | *alasay | *alayso |
| 3rd singular | *alyäc | *alay | *alato | *alatay | *alayto |
| 1st dual | *ala | *alayäw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *alac | *alayäc | *alac | — | — |
| 1st plural | *alama | *alayäm | — | *alantay | *alayänto |
| 2nd plural | *aly | *alay | *aly | *alantay | *alayänto |
| 3rd plural | *alanc | *alay | *alanto | *alantay | *alayänto |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *al | *alyi |
| 2nd singular | *al | *alyi |
| 3rd singular | *al | *alyi |
| 1st dual | *alu | *alyiw |
| 2nd dual | *aläc | *alyic |
| 1st plural | *aläm | *alyim |
| 2nd plural | *al | *alyi |
| 3rd plural | *al | *alyi |
| present | past | |
|---|---|---|
| participles | *ala | *alana |
strong class 7(reduplication)
strong class 7a(a + i)
*haitaną
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *hayäta | *haytaw | — | *haytay | ? |
| 2nd singular | *haycäš | *haytayä | *hayä | *haytasay | *haytayso |
| 3rd singular | *haycäc | *haytay | *haytataw | *haytatay | *haytayto |
| 1st dual | *hayäta | *haytayäw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *haytacä | *haytayäcä | *haytacä | — | — |
| 1st plural | *haytama | *haytayäm | — | *haytantay | *haytayänto |
| 2nd plural | *hayäcä | *haytayä | *hayäcä | *haytantay | *haytayänto |
| 3rd plural | *haytanc | *haytayä | *haytantaw | *haytantay | *haytayänto |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *tsähay | *tsähayäci |
| 2nd singular | *tsähay | *tsähayäci |
| 3rd singular | *tsähay | *tsähayäci |
| 1st dual | *tsähayätu | *tsähayäciw |
| 2nd dual | *tsähayätäc | *tsähayäcic |
| 1st plural | *tsähayätäm | *tsähayäcim |
| 2nd plural | *tsähayät | *tsähayäci |
| 3rd plural | *tsähayät | *tsähayäci |
| present | past | |
|---|---|---|
| participles | *hayäta | *haytana |
strong class 7b(a + u)
*hlaupaną
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *hlopa | *hlopo | — | *hlopay | ? |
| 2nd singular | *hlopiš | *hlopay | *hlo | *hlopasay | *hlopayäso |
| 3rd singular | *hlopic | *hlopay | *hlopato | *hlopatay | *hlopayäto |
| 1st dual | *hlopa | *hlopayäw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *hlopac | *hlopayäc | *hlopac | — | — |
| 1st plural | *hlopama | *hlopayäm | — | *hlopantay | *hlopayänto |
| 2nd plural | *hlopi | *hlopay | *hlopi | *hlopantay | *hlopayänto |
| 3rd plural | *hlopanc | *hlopay | *hlopanto | *hlopantay | *hlopayänto |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *tsählo | *tsählopi |
| 2nd singular | *tsählo | *tsählopi |
| 3rd singular | *tsählo | *tsählopi |
| 1st dual | *tsählopu | *tsählopiw |
| 2nd dual | *tsählopäc | *tsählopic |
| 1st plural | *tsählopäm | *tsählopim |
| 2nd plural | *tsählop | *tsählopi |
| 3rd plural | *tsählop | *tsählopi |
| present | past | |
|---|---|---|
| participles | *hlopa | *hlopana |
strong class 7c(a + l, r, m or n + another consonant (if no other consonant follows, the verb belongs to class 6))
*haldaną
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *halta | *haltaw | — | *haltay | ? |
| 2nd singular | *halcäš | *haltay | *hal | *haltasay | *haltayso |
| 3rd singular | *halcäc | *haltay | *haltataw | *haltatay | *haltayto |
| 1st dual | *halta | *haltayäw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *haltac | *haltayäc | *haltac | — | — |
| 1st plural | *haltama | *haltayäm | — | *haltantay | *haltayänto |
| 2nd plural | *halc | *haltay | *halc | *haltantay | *haltayänto |
| 3rd plural | *haltanc | *haltay | *haltantaw | *haltantay | *haltayänto |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *tsähal | *tsähalci |
| 2nd singular | *tsähal | *tsähalci |
| 3rd singular | *tsähal | *tsähalci |
| 1st dual | *tsähaltu | *tsähalciw |
| 2nd dual | *tsähaltäc | *tsähalcic |
| 1st plural | *tsähaltäm | *tsähalcim |
| 2nd plural | *tsähalt | *tsähalci |
| 3rd plural | *tsähalt | *tsähalci |
| present | past | |
|---|---|---|
| participles | *halta | *haltana |
strong class 7d(ē)
*lētaną
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *lyeta | *lyetaw | — | *lyetay | ? |
| 2nd singular | *lyecäš | *lyetay | *lye | *lyetasay | *lyetayso |
| 3rd singular | *lyecäc | *lyetay | *lyetataw | *lyetatay | *lyetayto |
| 1st dual | *lyeta | *lyetayäw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *lyetac | *lyetayäc | *lyetac | — | — |
| 1st plural | *lyetama | *lyetayäm | — | *lyetantay | *lyetayänto |
| 2nd plural | *lyecä | *lyetay | *lyec | *lyetantay | *lyetayänto |
| 3rd plural | *lyetanc | *lyetay | *lyetantaw | *lyetantay | *lyetayänto |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *lyäla | *lyälci |
| 2nd singular | *lyäla | *lyälci |
| 3rd singular | *lyäla | *lyälci |
| 1st dual | *lyältu | *lyälciw |
| 2nd dual | *lyältäc | *lyälcic |
| 1st plural | *lyältäm | *lyälcim |
| 2nd plural | *lyält | *lyälci |
| 3rd plural | *lyält | *lyälci |
| present | past | |
|---|---|---|
| participles | *lyeta | *lyetana |
strong class 7e(ō)
*blōtaną
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *plata | *plato | — | *platay | ? |
| 2nd singular | *placäš | *platay | *pla | *platasay | *platayäso |
| 3rd singular | *placäc | *platay | *platato | *platatay | *platayäto |
| 1st dual | *plata | *platayäw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *platac | *platayäc | *platac | — | — |
| 1st plural | *platama | *platayäm | — | *platantay | *platayänto |
| 2nd plural | *plac | *platay | *plac | *platantay | *platayänto |
| 3rd plural | *platanc | *platay | *platanto | *platantay | *platayänto |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *pipla | *piplaci |
| 2nd singular | *pipla | *piplaci |
| 3rd singular | *pipla | *piplaci |
| 1st dual | *piplatu | *piplaciw |
| 2nd dual | *piplatäc | *piplacic |
| 1st plural | *piplatäm | *piplacim |
| 2nd plural | *piplat | *piplaci |
| 3rd plural | *piplat | *piplaci |
| present | past | |
|---|---|---|
| participles | *plata | *platana |
weak class1
weak class1(i)(no suffix in the present, and no suffix in the past)
*bringaną
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *pŕəmka | *pŕəmkaw | — | *pŕəmkay | ? |
| 2nd singular | *pŕəmtsəš | *pŕəmkay | *pŕə | *pŕəmkasay | *pŕəmkayso |
| 3rd singular | *pŕəmtsəc | *pŕəmkay | *pŕəmkataw | *pŕəmkatay | *pŕəmkayto |
| 1st dual | *pŕəmka | *pŕəmkayəw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *pŕəmkac | *pŕəmkayəc | *pŕəmkac | — | — |
| 1st plural | *pŕəmkama | *pŕəmkayəm | — | *pŕəmkantay | *pŕəmkayənto |
| 2nd plural | *pŕəmts | *pŕəmkay | *pŕəmts | *pŕəmkantay | *pŕəmkayənto |
| 3rd plural | *pŕəmkanc | *pŕəmkay | *pŕəmkantaw | *pŕəmkantay | *pŕəmkayənto |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *pranhta | *pranhceci |
| 2nd singular | *pranhce | *pranhceci |
| 3rd singular | *pranhce | *pranhceci |
| 1st dual | *pranhcetu | *pranhceciw |
| 2nd dual | *pranhcetəc | *pranhcecic |
| 1st plural | *pranhcetəm | *pranhcecim |
| 2nd plural | *pranhcet | *pranhceci |
| 3rd plural | *pranhcet | *pranhceci |
| present | past | |
|---|---|---|
| participles | *pŕəmka | *pranhta |
weak class1(ii)( the suffix -j- in the present and no suffix in the past)
*bugjaną
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *pätsa | *ptsaw | — | *ptsay | ? |
| 2nd singular | *ptsäš | *ptsay | *päts | *ptsasay | *ptsayso |
| 3rd singular | *ptsäts | *ptsay | *ptsaþaw | *ptsaþay | *ptsayþo |
| 1st dual | *pätsa | *ptsayäw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *ptsats | *ptsayäts | *ptsats | — | — |
| 1st plural | *ptsama | *ptsayäm | — | *ptsanþay | *ptsayänþo |
| 2nd plural | *päts | *ptsay | *päts | *ptsanþay | *ptsayänþo |
| 3rd plural | *ptsants | *ptsay | *ptsanþaw | *ptsanþay | *ptsayänþo |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *pähta | *pähceci |
| 2nd singular | *pähc | *pähceci |
| 3rd singular | *pähc | *pähceci |
| 1st dual | *pähcetu | *pähceciw |
| 2nd dual | *pähcetäc | *pähcecic |
| 1st plural | *pähcetäm | *pähcecim |
| 2nd plural | *pähcet | *pähceci |
| 3rd plural | *pähcet | *pähceci |
| present | past | |
|---|---|---|
| participles | *pätsa | *ptsäta |
weak class1(iii)(the suffix -j- in the present and -i- in the past)
*gramjaną
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *kramya | *kramyaw | — | *kramyay | ? |
| 2nd singular | *kramiš | *kramyay | *krami | *kramyasay | *kramyayəso |
| 3rd singular | *kramits | *kramyay | *kramyaþaw | *kramyaþay | *kramyayəþo |
| 1st dual | *kramya | *kramyayəw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *kramyats | *kramyayəts | *kramyats | — | — |
| 1st plural | *kramyama | *kramyayəm | — | *kramyanþay | *kramyayənþo |
| 2nd plural | *krami | *kramyay | *krami | *kramyanþay | *kramyayənþo |
| 3rd plural | *kramyants | *kramyay | *kramyanþaw | *kramyanþay | *kramyayənþo |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *kramita | *kramiceci |
| 2nd singular | *kramice | *kramiceci |
| 3rd singular | *kramice | *kramiceci |
| 1st dual | *kramicetu | *kramiceciw |
| 2nd dual | *kramicetəc | *kramicecic |
| 1st plural | *kramicetəm | *kramicecim |
| 2nd plural | *kramicet | *kramiceci |
| 3rd plural | *kramicet | *kramiceci |
| present | past | |
|---|---|---|
| participles | *kramya | *kramita |
weak class2(with a suffix -ō-)
*laþōną
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *laþa | *laþa | — | *laþayə | ? |
| 2nd singular | *laþaš | *laþa | *laþa | *laþasay | *laþaso |
| 3rd singular | *laþats | *laþa | *laþaþo | *laþaþay | *laþaþo |
| 1st dual | *laþa | *laþaw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *laþats | *laþats | *laþats | — | — |
| 1st plural | *laþama | *laþam | — | *laþanþay | *laþanþo |
| 2nd plural | *laþa | *laþa | *laþa | *laþanþay | *laþanþo |
| 3rd plural | *laþantsə | *laþa | *laþanþo | *laþanþay | *laþanþo |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *laþata | *laþaceci |
| 2nd singular | *laþace | *laþaceci |
| 3rd singular | *laþace | *laþaceci |
| 1st dual | *laþacetu | *laþaceciw |
| 2nd dual | *laþacetəc | *laþacecic |
| 1st plural | *laþacetəm | *laþacecim |
| 2nd plural | *laþacet | *laþaceci |
| 3rd plural | *laþacet | *laþaceci |
| present | past | |
|---|---|---|
| participles | *laþa | *laþata |
weak class3 j-present(*-ja- in the past, and no suffix in the past)
*habjaną
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *hapya | *hapyo | — | — | — |
| 2nd singular | *hapayəš | *hapyay | *hapay | — | — |
| 3rd singular | *hapayəts | *hapyay | *hapyaþo | — | — |
| 1st dual | *hapya | *hapyayəw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *hapyats | *hapyayəts | *hapyats | — | — |
| 1st plural | *hapyama | *hapyayəm | — | — | — |
| 2nd plural | *hapay | *hapyay | *hapay | — | — |
| 3rd plural | *hapyants | *hapyay | *hapyanþo | — | — |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | *hapta | *hapceci |
| 2nd singular | *hapce | *hapceci |
| 3rd singular | *hapce | *hapceci |
| 1st dual | *hapcetu | *hapceciw |
| 2nd dual | *hapcetəc | *hapcecic |
| 1st plural | *hapcetəm | *hapcecim |
| 2nd plural | *hapcet | *hapceci |
| 3rd plural | *hapcet | *hapceci |
| present | past | |
|---|---|---|
| participles | *hapya | *hapta |
まとめ
strong verb
- part 1:the present
- part 2:past indicative singular
- part 3:remaining past
- part 4:past participle
| 現在 | 能動態直説法 | 能動態条件法 | 命令法 | 受動態直説法 | 受動態条件法 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.sg. | -Ca | -Co | -Cay | ||
| 2.sg. | -Cʲäš | -Cay | -∅ | -Casay | -Cayäso |
| 3.sg. | -Cʲäc | -Cay | -Cato | -Casay | -Cayäto |
| 1.du. | -Ca | -Cayäw | |||
| 2.du. | -Cac | -Cayäc | -Cac | ||
| 1.pl. | -Cama | -Cayäm | -Cantay | -Cayänto | |
| 2.pl. | -Cʲ | -Cay | -ʲ | -Cantay | -Cayänto |
| 3.pl. | -Canc | -Cay | -Canto | -Cantay | -Cayänto |
| 過去 | 能動態直説法 | 能動態条件法 |
|---|---|---|
| 1.sg. | -∅ | -Cʲi |
| 2.sg. | -∅ | -Cʲi |
| 3.sg. | -∅ | -Cʲi |
| 1.du. | -Cu | -Cʲiw |
| 2.du. | -Cäc | -Cʲic |
| 1.pl. | -Cäm | -Cʲim |
| 2.pl. | -C | -Cʲi |
| 3.pl. | -C | -Cʲi |
| 現在 | 過去 | |
|---|---|---|
| 分詞 | -Ca | -Cana |
C=r, lの場合は-∅となっている部分(2.sg.命令、sg.能動態直説法過去)は-C
strong class 1(Vowel + y/i)
- part 1:C₁ʲiC₂
- part 2:C₁ay
- part 3:C₁ʲäC₂
- part 4:C₁ʲC₂
strong class 2a(Vowel + w/u)
- part 1:C₁⁽ʲ'ʷ⁾uC₂
- part 2:C₁o
- *awə > o
- part 3:C₁⁽ʷ⁾äC₂
- part 4:C₁⁽ʷ⁾C₂
語尾は同じ
strong class 2b
strong class 2aと違いはない
strong class 3(Vowel + m,n,l,r + another consonant)
- part 1:C₁VC₂C₃
- part 2:C₁a
- part 3:C₁⁽ʷ⁾äC₂C₃
- part 4:C₁⁽ʷ⁾äC₂C₃
strong class 4(Vowel + l, r, m or n + no other consonant)
- part 1:C₁⁽ʲ'ʷ⁾äC₂
- part 2:C₁a
- part 3:C₁⁽ʲ'ʷ⁾VC₂
- part 4:C₁uC₂
strong class 5(any consonant other than y, w, l, r, m or n)
- part 1:C₁⁽ʲ'ʷ⁾äC₂
- part 2:C₁a
- part 3:C₁⁽ʲ'ʷ⁾VC₂
- part 4:C₁C₂
strong class 6(Vowel + a single consonant, if the present stem had a or o in late PIE)
- part 1:C₁aC₂
- part 2:C₁a
- part 3:C₁aC₂
- part 4:C₁aC₂
strong class 7
strong class 7a(a + i)
- part 1:C₁ayäC₂
- part 2:C₁ʲäC₁a
- part 3:C₁ʲäC₁aC₂
- part 4:C₁ayC₂
strong class 7b(a + u)
- part 1:C₁oC₂
- part 2:C₁ʲäC₁o
- part 3:C₁ʲäC₁oC₂
- part 4:C₁oC₂
strong class 7c(a + l, r, m or n + another consonant (if no other consonant follows, the verb belongs to class 6))
- part 1:C₁aC₂
- part 2:C₁ʲäC₁a
- part 3:C₁ʲäC₁aC₂
- part 4:C₁aC₂
strong class 7d(ē)
- part 1:C₁ʲeC₂
- part 2:C₁ʲäC₁a
- part 3:C₁ʲäC₁C₂
- part 4:C₁ʲeC₂
strong class 7e(ō)…7Cと同じ
- part 1:C₁aC₂
- part 2:C₁ʲäC₁a
- part 3:C₁ʲäC₁C₂
- part 4:C₁aC₂
weak verb
面倒なので全部一種類にまとめる
- 現在語幹:そのまま
- 過去語幹:終子音は弱化(k > hなど)、母音は強化(ʲä > a)
| 現在 | 能動態直説法 | 能動態条件法 | 命令法 | 受動態直説法 | 受動態条件法 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.sg. | -Ca | -Co | -Cay | ||
| 2.sg. | -Cʲäš | -Cay | -∅ | -Casay | -Cayäso |
| 3.sg. | -Cʲäc | -Cay | -Cato | -Casay | -Cayäto |
| 1.du. | -Ca | -Cayäw | |||
| 2.du. | -Cac | -Cayäc | -Cac | ||
| 1.pl. | -Cama | -Cayäm | -Cantay | -Cayänto | |
| 2.pl. | -Cʲ | -Cay | -ʲ | -Cantay | -Cayänto |
| 3.pl. | -Canc | -Cay | -Canto | -Cantay | -Cayänto |
| 過去 | 能動態直説法 | 能動態条件法 |
|---|---|---|
| 1.sg. | -Cta | -Cceci |
| 2.sg. | -Cce | -Cceci |
| 3.sg. | -Cce | -Cceci |
| 1.du. | -Ccetu | -Cceciw |
| 2.du. | -Ccetäc | -Ccecic |
| 1.pl. | -Ccetäm | -Ccecim |
| 2.pl. | -Ccet | -Cceci |
| 3.pl. | -Ccet | -Cceci |
| 現在 | 過去 | |
|---|---|---|
| 分詞 | -Ca | -Cca |
改善案
strong verb
本来の動詞
present stem
| 現在 | 能動態直説法 | 能動態条件法 | 受動態直説法 | 受動態条件法 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.sg. | -a | -o | -ay | -ay |
| 2.sg. | -ʲäš | -ay-s | -asay-äso | -ay-äso |
| 3.sg. | -ʲäc | -ay-t | -asay-äto | -ay-äto |
| 1.du. | -aw | -ay-äw | -- | -- |
| 2.du. | -ac | -ay-äc | -- | -- |
| 1.pl. | -ama | -ay-äm | -antay-ämo | -ayänt-ämo |
| 2.pl. | -ʲ | -ay | -antay-äso | -ayänt-äso |
| 3.pl. | -anc | -ay-anc | -antay-äto | -ayänto |
imperative stem(present stem with prefix pä-)
past stem(単数直説法過去のC'は弱化した語幹末子音)
| 過去 | 能動態直説法 | 能動態条件法 |
|---|---|---|
| 1.sg. | -C' | -Cʲi |
| 2.sg. | -C'-s | -Cʲi-s |
| 3.sg. | -C'-t | -Cʲi-t |
| 1.du. | -C-ʷu | -Cʲiw |
| 2.du. | -C-ʷäc | -Cʲic |
| 1.pl. | -C-ʷäm | -Cʲim |
| 2.pl. | -C-ʷ | -Cʲi |
| 3.pl. | -C-ʷänc | -Cʲi-nc |
分詞
現在分詞:[現在語幹]-a(一人称単数直説法現在と同じ)
過去分詞:[過去分詞語幹]-ana
こうすればだいぶ膠着語っぽいはず
| 現在語幹 | 過去語幹a | 過去語幹b | 過去分詞語幹 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| strong class1 | C₁ʲiC₂ | C₁ayC₂' | C₁ʲäC₂ | C₁ʲC₂ |
| strong class2-e | C₁ʲuC₂ | C₁oC₂' | C₁äC₂ | C₁ʷC₂ |
| strong class2-u | C₁ʷuC₂ | C₁oC₂' | C₁äC₂ | C₁ʷC₂ |
| strong class3 | C₁VC₂C₃ | C₁aC₂C₃' | C₁äC₂C₃ | C₁äC₂C₃ |
| strong class4 | C₁ʲäC₂ | C₁aC₂' | C₁ʲVC₂ | C₁ʷC₂ |
| strong class5 | C₁ʲäC₂ | C₁aC₂' | C₁ʲeC₂ | C₁ʲC₂ |
| strong class6 | C₁aC₂ | C₁aC₂' | C₁aC₂ | C₁aC₂ |
| strong class7a | C₁ayäC₂ | C₁ʲäC₁aC₂' | C₁ʲäC₁aC₂ | C₁ayC₂ |
| strong class7b | C₁oC₂ | C₁ʲäC₁oC₂' | C₁ʲäC₁oC₂ | C₁oC₂ |
| strong class7c | C₁aC₂ | C₁ʲäC₁aC₂' | C₁ʲäC₁aC₂ | C₁aC₂ |
| strong class7d | C₁ʲeC₂ | C₁ʲäC₁aC₂' | C₁ʲäC₁C₂ | C₁ʲeC₂ |
class6とclass7c以外は現在形で判別可能
weak verb
現在時制:strong verbと同じ
過去時制:終子音は弱化(k > hなど)、母音は強化(ʲä > a)したうえで以下の語尾が付く
| 過去 | 能動態直説法 | 能動態条件法 |
|---|---|---|
| 1.sg. | -ta | -ceci |
| 2.sg. | -ces | -cecis |
| 3.sg. | -cet | -cecit |
| 1.du. | -cetu | -ceciw |
| 2.du. | -cetäc | -cecic |
| 1.pl. | -cetäm | -cecim |
| 2.pl. | -cet | -ceci |
| 3.pl. | -cetanc | -cecinc |
分詞
現在分詞:[現在語幹]-a(一人称単数直説法現在と同じ)
過去分詞:[過去語幹]-cna