中原メソッド実践編
例)無名シベリア言語
まず材料を書き出す
- 基にする言語は
- チュクチ・カムチャツカ祖語
- 二ヴフ祖語
- エニセイ祖語
- ユカギール祖語
- エスキモー・アレウト祖語
- 共通部分はウラル・シベリア語族仮説で挙げられているものをそのまま引っこ抜いていく
- 音韻
- A single, voiceless series of stop consonants
- A single, voiceless series of stop consonants
- Primary palatal or palatalized consonants such as /ɲ ~ nʲ/, /ʎ ~ lʲ/
- The occurrence of a rhotic consonant /r/
- Consonant clusters are absent word-initially and word-finally, but present word-medially
- Canonically bisyllabic word roots, with the exception of pronouns
- Word-initial stress
- 形態論
- Exclusively suffixal morphology
- Accusative case, genitive case and at least three local cases.
- singular, plural and dual number.
- The absence of adjectives and adverbs as morphologically distinct parts of speech.
- Evidentiality marking.
- Indicative markers based on participles.
- Possessive suffixes
- 統語
- The presence of a copula, used as an auxiliary verb.
- Negation expressed by an auxiliary verb (known as a negative verb)
- Subordinate clauses based on non-finite verb forms.
- 音韻
- ほか、何か付け足したい特徴があれば適宜
音韻
音節構造
基本的に2音節語、子音クラスタは語中に多く見られる
音韻
母音
- チュクチ・カムチャツカ祖語
| front/unround | front/round | central | back/unround | back/round |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | u | |||
| e | ə | o | ||
| æ | a |
- 二ヴフ祖語
| front/unround | front/round | central | back/unround | back/round |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | u | |||
| e | ə | o | ||
| a |
- エニセイ祖語
| front/unround | front/round | central | back/unround | back/round |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | y | u | ||
| e | ö | o | ||
| æ | a | ɔ |
- ユカギール祖語
| front/unround | front/round | central | back/unround | back/round |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | ü | y | u | |
| ö | o | |||
| e | a |
- エスキモー・アレウト祖語
| front/unround | front/round | central | back/unround | back/round |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | u | |||
| ə | ||||
| a |
子音
- チュクチ・カムチャツカ祖語
| labial | alveolar | palatal | velar | uvular | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stops | *p | *t | *c | *k | *q |
| Fricatives | *v | *ð | *ɣ | *ʁ | |
| Nasals | *m | *n | *ŋ | ||
| Approximants | *w | *l | *j | ||
| Rhotic | *r |
- 二ヴフ祖語
| labial | alveolar | palatal | velar | uvular | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stops fortis | *p | *t | *c | *k | *q |
| Stops lentis | *b | *d | *d' | *g | *ɢ |
| Fricatives | *v | *ɣ | *ʁ | ||
| Nasals | *m | *n | *ɲ | *ŋ | |
| Approximants | *w | *l | *j | *h | |
| Rhotic | *r |
- エニセイ祖語
||labial|alveolar|palatal|palatalising palatal|velar|uvular|glottal|
|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|
|Stops fortis|p|t|c|č|k|q|ʔ|
|Stops lentis|b|d|ʒ|ʒˇ|g|ɢ||
|Fricatives||s|||x|χ|h|
|Nasals|m|n||ɲ|ŋ|||
|Approximants|w|l|í|j|||
|Rhotic||r|r₁|ŕ|| - ユカギール祖語
| front/unround | front/round | central | back/unround | back/round |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | ü | y | u | |
| ö | o | |||
| e | a |
- エスキモー・アレウト祖語
| front/unround | front/round | central | back/unround | back/round |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | u | |||
| ə | ||||
| a |
語彙
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan_reconstructions
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Nivkh_reconstructions
| gloss | Proto-Yeniseian | Proto-Eskimo | Proto-Yukaghir | Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | Proto-Nivkh |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | cɨʔɢ-; kəŕga- | *nay(ə)quʀ | *joː | C *læwət | *d’oŋkr |
| hair | *cəŋe | *nuyaʀ | manilə/monilə | C *kəðwir | *ŋamrki |
| eye | *de-s | *əðə | waŋ-/woŋ-; *jöː- | *ləlæ | *n’(ə)ŋaɣ |
| ear | ʔɔqtʌ ~ ʔɔgde | *ciɣun | *unemə | *vilu | mla; nor |
| nose | ʔolk-; xaŋ | *qəqaʀ | *jöː- | qiN(qiN); C jeqa | *wiɣ |
| tooth | *kəɣun | toð-; sal’qəriː | C *wannə | *ŋaɣzər | |
| tongue | *ʔej | I *uqaq(-) | *wonor | *jilə(jil) ? | *hilɣ |
| mouth | *χowe | *qanəʀ(-) | *aŋa | *rəkərNə(n) | *amɣ |
| hand | *pʌg- | aðɣa(ʀ), aðɣaɣ | ńuŋkən/ńuŋen | *kæɣ(ə) | *damk |
| foot | kiʔs; bul | *itəɣaʀ | noj-; ar- | *kətka | *ŋazl |
| breast | *təga | *əvyaŋ(ŋ)iʀ | sis-; mel- | *loloʀ(ə) | *məc(ɣ) |
| meat | *ʔise | kəməɣ; uvinəɣ | *čuː- | C kinuNi; C tərɣətər | *dur |
| blood | *sur | aðuɣ, kanuɣ | lep(k)-; čeːmə | *mullə(mul) | cʰoχ; ŋær̥ |
| bone | *ʔaʔd | I *caunəq | *am- | *qətʀəm | ŋɨɲf |
| person | keʔt; pixe | (inguɣ; taʁu 'shamanic') | köntə; soromə | qəlavol ?; qəlik 'male'; C *ʀoraNvərr(at)əlʀən | *n’iɣvŋ |
| name | *ʔiɢ | atəʀ; acciʀ- | ńuː; kirijə | C *nənnə | *qa(-) |
| dog | čip ~ čib | *qikmiʀ | *laːmə | *qətʀə(n) | *ɢanŋ |
| fish | *iqałuɣ | an-/wan-; *anjə ? | *ənnə | *co | |
| louse | jog- ~ jok 'nit' | *kumaɣ | peme/pime | *mə(l)məl | dar, hirk; *amrak |
| tree | uqviɣ; napa(ʀ)aqtuʀ | *saː- | *ut(tə) | *d’iɣar | |
| leaf | *jə̄pe | *pəłu | *pöɣ- | *wətwət | blaŋ(q), d’omr |
| flower | *polčičə | ɤŋvk | |||
| water | *xur | *imaqtəq- | *law- | *(m)iməl ? | *caʀ |
| fire | *boʔk | *ək(ə)nəʀ | *loč- | jən ?; milɣə(mil) | *tuɣ(u)r |
| stone | *čɨʔs | qaluʀ; uyaʀaɣ | söj-/sej- | *ɣəv(ɣəv) | *baʀ |
| earth | *baʔŋ | nuna, nunałit- | luk-; öninč’ə | *nutæ ? 'land' | *miv |
| salt | *čəʔ | *taʀ(ə)yuʀ | *davc(iŋ) | ||
| road | *qoʔt | čuɣö; jaw- | rəʀet; təlanvə 'way' | *d’iv | |
| eat | *siɢ- | *leɣ- | *nu- | *n’i- | |
| die | *qɔ- | *tuqu(-) | am-/wam- | C *viʀ- | *mu |
| I | *ʔadᶻ | uvaŋa; (vi) | *mət | *kəm | *n’i |
| you | ʔaw ~ ʔu; kʌ- ~ *ʔʌk- | əlpət, əłvət | *tit | kəð; tur(i) | *ci |