中山諸語の一言語についての創作 文法篇 補

WALSの各項目を並べてみたもの

Japanese Tagalog Ainu Chuzanese sp. Feature Area
1A Moderately small Moderately small Small Consonant Inventories Phonology
2A Average (5-6) Average (5-6) Average (5-6) Vowel Quality Inventories Phonology
3A Average Average Moderately low Consonant-Vowel Ratio Phonology
4A In both plosives and fricatives In plosives alone No voicing contrast Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives Phonology
5A None missing in /p t k b d g/ None missing in /p t k b d g/ Other Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems Phonology
6A Uvular continuants only None None Uvular Consonants Phonology
7A No glottalized consonants No glottalized consonants No glottalized consonants Glottalized Consonants Phonology
8A No laterals /l/, no obstruent laterals No laterals Lateral Consonants Phonology
9A No velar nasal Initial velar nasal No velar nasal The Velar Nasal Phonology
10A Contrast absent Contrast absent Contrast absent Vowel Nasalization Phonology
11A None None None Front Rounded Vowels Phonology
12A Moderately complex Moderately complex Moderately complex Syllable Structure Phonology
13A Simple tone system No tones Simple tone system Tone Phonology
14A #N/A Penultimate #N/A Fixed Stress Locations Phonology
15A #N/A Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity) #N/A Weight-Sensitive Stress Phonology
16A #N/A Lexical stress #N/A Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems Phonology
17A #N/A Trochaic #N/A Rhythm Types Phonology
18A All present All present All present Absence of Common Consonants Phonology
19A None None None Presence of Uncommon Consonants Phonology
20A Exclusively concatenative Exclusively concatenative #N/A Exclusively concatenative Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives Morphology
21A Monoexponential case Case + referentiality #N/A Case + referentiality Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives Morphology
21B monoexponential TAM monoexponential TAM #N/A monoexponential TAM Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection Morphology
22A 4-5 categories per word 2-3 categories per word 4-5 categories per word 4-5 categories per word Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb Morphology
23A Dependent marking Double marking No marking Double marking Locus of Marking in the Clause Morphology
24A Dependent marking Other Head marking Double marking Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases Morphology
25B Non-zero marking Non-zero marking Non-zero marking Non-zero marking Zero Marking of A and P Arguments Morphology
25A Dependent-marking Inconsistent or other Inconsistent or other Inconsistent or other Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology Morphology
26A Strongly suffixing Little affixation Equal prefixing and suffixing Strongly suffixing Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology Morphology
27A Full reduplication only Productive full and partial reduplication Full reduplication only Full reduplication only Reduplication Morphology
28A No case marking No case marking No case marking No case marking Case Syncretism Morphology
29A No subject person/number marking No subject person/number marking Not syncretic No subject person/number marking Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking Morphology
30A #N/A Two None None Number of Genders Nominal Categories
31A #N/A Sex-based No gender No gender Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems Nominal Categories
32A #N/A Semantic No gender No gender Systems of Gender Assignment Nominal Categories
33A Plural suffix Plural word Plural suffix Plural suffix Coding of Nominal Plurality Nominal Categories
34A Only human nouns, optional All nouns, always optional All nouns, always optional All nouns, always optional Occurrence of Nominal Plurality Nominal Categories
35A Person stem + nominal plural affix Person-number stem Person-number affixes Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns Nominal Categories
36A Associative same as additive plural Unique periphrastic associative plural Associative same as additive plural Associative same as additive plural The Associative Plural Nominal Categories
37A No definite, but indefinite article #N/A #N/A No definite, but indefinite article Definite Articles Nominal Categories
38A Indefinite word distinct from 'one' #N/A #N/A Indefinite word distinct from 'one' Indefinite Articles Nominal Categories
39A No inclusive/exclusive Inclusive/exclusive Inclusive/exclusive Inclusive/exclusive Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns Nominal Categories
40A No person marking No person marking Inclusive/exclusive No person marking Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection Nominal Categories
41A Three-way contrast Three-way contrast Two-way contrast Three-way contrast Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives Nominal Categories
42A Different inflection Identical Different stem Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives Nominal Categories
43A Unrelated Unrelated Unrelated Unrelated Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives Nominal Categories
44A 3rd person only, but also non-singular No gender distinctions No gender distinctions No gender distinctions Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns Nominal Categories
45A Pronouns avoided for politeness Multiple politeness distinctions Binary politeness distinction Binary politeness distinction Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns Nominal Categories
46A Interrogative-based Existential construction Interrogative-based Interrogative-based Indefinite Pronouns Nominal Categories
47A Identical Differentiated #N/A Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns Nominal Categories
48A No person marking No adpositions Pronouns only Person Marking on Adpositions Nominal Categories
49A 8-9 cases No morphological case-marking Exclusively borderline case-marking Number of Cases Nominal Categories
50A Symmetrical Additive-quantitatively asymmetrical Symmetrical Symmetrical Asymmetrical Case-Marking Nominal Categories
51A Postpositional clitics #N/A No case affixes or adpositional clitics Position of Case Affixes Nominal Categories
52A Differentiation Differentiation Differentiation Differentiation Comitatives and Instrumentals Nominal Categories
53A One-th, two-th, three-th First, two-th, three-th None First, two-th, three-th Ordinal Numerals Nominal Categories
54A Marked by suffix Marked by mixed or other strategies Marked by following word Marked by mixed or other strategies Distributive Numerals Nominal Categories
55A Obligatory Absent Optional Optional Numeral Classifiers Nominal Categories
56A Formally similar, with interrogative Formally similar, with interrogative Formally similar, with interrogative Formally similar, with interrogative Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers Nominal Categories
57A No possessive affixes #N/A Possessive prefixes Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes Nominal Categories
58A Absent Absent Absent Absent Obligatory Possessive Inflection Nominal Syntax
58B None reported None reported None reported None reported Number of Possessive Nouns Nominal Syntax
59A No possessive classification No possessive classification No possessive classification No possessive classification Possessive Classification Nominal Syntax
60A Genitives and adjectives collapsed Adjectives and relative clauses collapsed Adjectives and relative clauses collapsed Adjectives and relative clauses collapsed Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses Nominal Syntax
61A Marked by mixed or other strategies Without marking #N/A Adjectives without Nouns Nominal Syntax
62A Double-Possessive Possessive-Accusative #N/A Action Nominal Constructions Nominal Syntax
63A 'And' identical to 'with' 'And' different from 'with' 'And' different from 'with' 'And' different from 'with' Noun Phrase Conjunction Nominal Syntax
64A Differentiation Identity Differentiation Differentiation Nominal and Verbal Conjunction Nominal Syntax
65A No grammatical marking Grammatical marking No grammatical marking No grammatical marking Perfective/Imperfective Aspect Verbal Categories
66A Present, no remoteness distinctions No past tense No past tense No past tense The Past Tense Verbal Categories
67A No inflectional future Inflectional future exists No inflectional future No inflectional future The Future Tense Verbal Categories
68A No perfect No perfect No perfect No perfect The Perfect Verbal Categories
69A Tense-aspect suffixes Tense-aspect prefixes Tense-aspect suffixes Tense-aspect suffixes Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes Verbal Categories
70A Second person number-neutral Second singular and second plural Second person number-neutral Second person number-neutral The Morphological Imperative Verbal Categories
71A Normal imperative + special negative Normal imperative + special negative Normal imperative + special negative Normal imperative + special negative The Prohibitive Verbal Categories
72A Neither type of system Neither type of system Neither type of system Neither type of system Imperative-Hortative Systems Verbal Categories
73A Inflectional optative absent Inflectional optative present Inflectional optative absent Inflectional optative absent The Optative Verbal Categories
74A Affixes on verbs Affixes on verbs Verbal constructions Affixes on verbs Situational Possibility Verbal Categories
75A Other Other Other Other Epistemic Possibility Verbal Categories
76A Overlap for either possibility or necessity Overlap for both possibility and necessity Overlap for either possibility or necessity Overlap for either possibility or necessity Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking Verbal Categories
77A Indirect only Indirect only Direct and indirect Indirect only Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality Verbal Categories
78A Verbal affix or clitic Separate particle Verbal affix or clitic Verbal affix or clitic Coding of Evidentiality Verbal Categories
79B None (= no suppletive imperatives reported in the reference material) None (= no suppletive imperatives reported in the reference material) None (= no suppletive imperatives reported in the reference material) None (= no suppletive imperatives reported in the reference material) Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives Verbal Categories
79A None None None None Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect Verbal Categories
80A None None Singular-plural pairs, suppletion None Verbal Number and Suppletion Verbal Categories
81A SOV VSO SOV SOV Order of Subject, Object and Verb Word Order
82A SV VS SV SV Order of Subject and Verb Word Order
83A OV VO OV OV Order of Object and Verb Word Order
84A XOV #N/A #N/A Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb Word Order
85A Postpositions #N/A Postpositions Postpositions Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Word Order
86A Genitive-Noun Noun-Genitive Genitive-Noun Genitive-Noun Order of Genitive and Noun Word Order
87A Adjective-Noun No dominant order Adjective-Noun Adjective-Noun Order of Adjective and Noun Word Order
88A Demonstrative-Noun Mixed Demonstrative-Noun Demonstrative-Noun Order of Demonstrative and Noun Word Order
89A Numeral-Noun Numeral-Noun Numeral-Noun Numeral-Noun Order of Numeral and Noun Word Order
90B Relative clause-Noun (RelN) dominant #N/A Relative clause-Noun (RelN) dominant Relative clause-Noun (RelN) dominant Prenominal relative clauses Word Order
90A Relative clause-Noun Noun-Relative clause Relative clause-Noun Relative clause-Noun Order of Relative Clause and Noun Word Order
90C #N/A Noun-Relative clause (NRel) dominant #N/A Postnominal relative clauses Word Order
90D Internally-headed occurs as nondominant type Internally-headed occurs as nondominant type #N/A Internally-headed occurs as nondominant type Internally-headed relative clauses Word Order
91A Degree word-Adjective #N/A #N/A Order of Degree Word and Adjective Word Order
92A Final Second position Final Final Position of Polar Question Particles Word Order
93A Not initial interrogative phrase Initial interrogative phrase Not initial interrogative phrase Not initial interrogative phrase Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions Word Order
94A Final subordinator word Initial subordinator word Final subordinator word Final subordinator word Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause Word Order
95A OV and Postpositions #N/A OV and Postpositions OV and Postpositions Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Word Order
96A OV and RelN VO and NRel OV and RelN OV and RelN Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun Word Order
97A OV and AdjN Other OV and AdjN OV and AdjN Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun Word Order
98A Nominative - accusative (standard) Neutral Neutral Neutral Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases Simple Clauses
99A Nominative - accusative (standard) Neutral Neutral Neutral Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns Simple Clauses
100A Neutral Neutral Split Neutral Alignment of Verbal Person Marking Simple Clauses
101A Optional pronouns in subject position #N/A Subject affixes on verb Expression of Pronominal Subjects Simple Clauses
102A No person marking No person marking Both the A and P arguments No person marking Verbal Person Marking Simple Clauses
103A No person marking No person marking Zero in all 3rd person forms No person marking Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking Simple Clauses
104A A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb A precedes P A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb Order of Person Markers on the Verb Simple Clauses
105A Indirect-object construction Mixed Secondary-object construction Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' Simple Clauses
106A Distinct from reflexive Distinct from reflexive Distinct from reflexive Distinct from reflexive Reciprocal Constructions Simple Clauses
107A Present Absent Present Present Passive Constructions Simple Clauses
108B no antipassive no antipassive no antipassive no antipassive Productivity of the Antipassive Construction Simple Clauses
108A No antipassive No antipassive No antipassive No antipassive Antipassive Constructions Simple Clauses
109A No applicative construction Benefactive and other; both bases Benefactive and other; both bases Benefactive and other; both bases Applicative Constructions Simple Clauses
109B No applicative construction Instrument and locative Instrument and locative Instrument and locative Other Roles of Applied Objects Simple Clauses
110A #N/A Purposive but no sequential #N/A Periphrastic Causative Constructions Simple Clauses
111A Morphological but no compound Morphological but no compound Morphological but no compound Morphological but no compound Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions Simple Clauses
112A Negative affix Negative particle Negative particle Negative particle Negative Morphemes Simple Clauses
113A Asymmetric Symmetric Symmetric Symmetric Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation Simple Clauses
114A A/Fin and A/Cat Non-assignable Non-assignable Non-assignable Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation Simple Clauses
115A Predicate negation also present Predicate negation also present Predicate negation also present Predicate negation also present Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation Simple Clauses
116A Question particle Question particle Question particle Question particle Polar Questions Simple Clauses
117A Locational Topic 'Have' Predicative Possession Simple Clauses
118A Mixed Verbal encoding Verbal encoding Verbal encoding Predicative Adjectives Simple Clauses
119A Different Different Different Different Nominal and Locational Predication Simple Clauses
120A Impossible Impossible Impossible Impossible Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals Simple Clauses
121A Locational #N/A #N/A Comparative Constructions Simple Clauses
122A Gap Gap #N/A Relativization on Subjects Complex Sentences
123A Gap Not possible #N/A Relativization on Obliques Complex Sentences
124A Desiderative verbal affix Subject is left implicit Subject is left implicit Subject is left implicit 'Want' Complement Subjects Complex Sentences
125A Balanced/deranked Deranked Balanced Balanced/deranked Purpose Clauses Complex Sentences
126A Balanced/deranked Balanced/deranked Balanced Balanced/deranked 'When' Clauses Complex Sentences
127A Balanced Balanced/deranked Balanced Balanced Reason Clauses Complex Sentences
128A Balanced Balanced Balanced Balanced Utterance Complement Clauses Complex Sentences
129A Identical Different Identical Identical Hand and Arm Lexicon
130A Different Different #N/A Different Finger and Hand Lexicon
131A Decimal Decimal Pure vigesimal Decimal Numeral Bases Lexicon
132A 6 #N/A #N/A Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories Lexicon
133A 11 #N/A #N/A Number of Basic Colour Categories Lexicon
134A Green vs. blue #N/A #N/A Green and Blue Lexicon
135A Red vs. yellow #N/A #N/A Red and Yellow Lexicon
136A No M-T pronouns No M-T pronouns No M-T pronouns No M-T pronouns M-T Pronouns Lexicon
136B No m in first person singular No m in first person singular No m in first person singular No m in first person singular M in First Person Singular Lexicon
137A No N-M pronouns No N-M pronouns No N-M pronouns No N-M pronouns N-M Pronouns Lexicon
137B m in second person singular m in second person singular No m in second person singular m in second person singular M in Second Person Singular Lexicon
138A Words derived from Sinitic cha Words derived from Sinitic cha #N/A Words derived from Sinitic cha Tea Lexicon
142A Affective meanings Other or none #N/A Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks Other
143A [V-Neg] NegV NegV NegV Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb Word Order
143E None NegV NegV NegV Preverbal Negative Morphemes Word Order
143F [V-Neg] None None None Postverbal Negative Morphemes Word Order
143G None None None None Minor morphological means of signaling negation Word Order
144A MorphNeg NegVSO SONegV Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb Word Order
144B #N/A Immed preverbal Immed preverbal Immed preverbal Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb Word Order
144L SO[V-Neg] #N/A SONegV The Position of Negative Morphemes in SOV Languages Word Order
144P No NegSOV #N/A No NegSOV No NegSOV NegSOV Order Word Order
144Q No SNegOV #N/A No SNegOV No SNegOV SNegOV Order Word Order
144R No SONegV #N/A Word&NoDoubleNeg SONegV Order Word Order
144S Suffix&NoDoubleNeg #N/A NoSOVNeg SOVNeg Order Word Order
144T #N/A NegVSO #N/A The Position of Negative Morphemes in Verb-Initial Languages Word Order
144V #N/A Separate word, no double negation Word&NoDoubleNeg #N/A Verb-Initial with Preverbal Negative Word Order
144W #N/A None #N/A Verb-Initial with Negative that is Immediately Postverbal or between Subject and Object Word Order
144X #N/A No clause-final neg #N/A Verb-Initial with Clause-Final Negative Word Order

Phonology

別の方法で作るので全部無視

Morphology

全体的な形態論の特徴についてあげてる項

Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives

融合性(fusion)についてWALSでは

  • 孤立的(isolating): 形式素(formatives)が音韻的に完全に自由な形態素
  • 連鎖的(concatenative): formativesが音韻的に拘束形態素になってる
  • 非線状的(nonlinear): formativesがそもそも線状に並んでいない
    • 母音交代(ablaut)で文法的な意味を表す
    • 声調変化(tonal)で文法的な意味を表す

の3項をまず考えて、isolating > concatenative > nonlinearというグラデーションにしている。
今回の参照言語では2つがExclusively concatenative

Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives

formativesの具現性(exponence)

  • 単具現的(monoexponential): 一つのformativesが表すものは一つの文法カテゴリー的意味だけ
  • 複具現的(Polyexponential): 一つのformativesが表すものが複数の文法カテゴリー的意味

Case exponence

格の具現性については以下の5つが立てられてる

  • 格について単具現的
  • 格について複具現的
    • 格と数
    • 格と証拠性
    • 格とTAM(時制-相-法)
  • 格はない

今回は日本語が格だけ、タガログ語が格と証拠性なので「格と証拠性」を採る

Tense-aspect-mood (TAM) exponence

TAMの具現性については以下の6つが立てられてる

  • TAMについて単具現的
  • TAMについて複具現的
    • TAMと数などについての一致
    • TAMと一致と態
    • TAMと一致と構造(等位なのか従属なのか)
    • TAMと極性
  • TAMはない

今回はTAMだけ

Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb

総合性(synthesis)については、動詞が活用する中でどのくらいの数のカテゴリーが活用に関わってくるかで分けている。英語なら人称(三単現で-s)と時制(過去で-ed)の2つなのでcpw(カテゴリー毎単語)は2
今回は日本語とアイヌ語が4-5 cpw、タガログ語が2-3 cpwなのでいったん4-5 cpwにする
まあ参照言語でのカテゴリー全部拾ったらここでの数とは合わなさそうな気がするんだけど……

Locus of Marking in the Clause

節において一致を示す文法的標示が現れる座(locus)が主要部(節においては動詞)と従属部(節においては項)のどちらに現れるか。
項と言っても主語と目的語で振る舞いが違う言語があり、その場合は目的語について着目する。代名詞と名詞で異なる場合は名詞について着目する。

  • 主要部標示
  • 従属部標示
  • 二重標示
  • 標示なし
  • その他

今回は日本語が従属部標示、タガログ語が二重標示、アイヌ語が標示なしなので従属部標示。つまり動詞は人称変化せず主語と目的語に格標示があるだけということです。

Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases

所有を表す名詞句におけるlocusを見る。ここでは被所有物が主要部で所有者が従属部

  • 主要部標示
  • 従属部標示
  • 二重標示
  • 標示なし
  • その他

今回は日本語が従属部標示、アイヌ語が主要部標示、タガログ語は「その他」という扱いなので……二重標示で。
つまり所有の時は所有者も属格で表されるし被所有物にも所有接辞が付く。

Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology

言語全体で主要部標示か従属部標示かというやつ。前二つがわかってればそれで良さそうなのでパス

Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology

全体的に、語の屈折が接頭辞で行われるか接尾辞で行われるかの傾向
今回は日本語が強力に接尾辞の傾向、タガログ語が接辞を使わない、アイヌ語が接尾辞と接頭辞が同程度なので接尾辞の方で。

名詞の格(51A)とか数(33A)とか動詞の否定(112A)とか、各論は別のところで

Reduplication

畳語の作り方

  • 単位の全体を反復するか一部を反復するかを使い分ける
  • 単位の全体を反復するもののみ
  • 畳語を作らない

今回は日本語とアイヌ語が完全畳語のみ、タガログ語は使い分けタイプなので完全畳語のみ。

Case Syncretism

名詞の格変化の中に、語形融合がみられるかどうか

  • 格変化がない
  • 主要な格についてのみ融合がみられる
  • 主要な格でもそれ以外でも融合がみられる
  • 格変化で融合がみられない

今回は……参照言語は三つとも格変化しません。格助詞だもんな。

Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking

動詞の人称変化の中に、語形融合がみられるかどうか

  • 人称変化がない
  • 人称変化で融合がみられる
  • 人称変化で融合がみられない

今回は日本語とタガログ語は人称変化がない、アイヌ語は人称変化で融合がみられない。人称変化なし。

Nominal Categories

名詞類の形態論についての項目群

Number of Genders

文法性。バントゥー語の名詞カテゴリーも入れてるので選択肢が

  • なし
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5以上

となる。
今回は日本語とアイヌ語に名詞性がないので「なし」。

Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems

30で名詞性なしって言ったんだからなし。

Systems of Gender Assignment

30で名詞性なしって言ったんだからなし。

Coding of Nominal Plurality

複数形の作り方

  • 複数接頭辞
  • 複数接尾辞
  • 複数語幹変化
  • 複数声調変化
  • 複数を畳語で表す
  • いろいろな方法で表す
  • 複数を表す単語が来る
  • 複数を表す助詞が来る
  • 複数形がない
    今回は日本語とアイヌ語で接尾辞なので接尾辞。タガログ語ではmgaという複数を表すマーカーがぽつんと置かれる。

Occurrence of Nominal Plurality

複数形を作る条件と頻度。

  • 複数形がない
  • 人間を表す名詞にのみ複数形があり、任意
  • 人間を表す名詞にのみ複数形があり、必須
  • 全ての名詞に複数形があり、いつも任意
  • 全ての名詞に複数形があり、非生物を表す名詞については任意
  • 全ての名詞に複数形があり、いつも必須

今回は日本語が「人間を表す名詞にのみ複数形があり、任意」、タガログ語とアイヌ語が「全ての名詞に複数形があり、いつも任意」なので、後者になる。

Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns

人称代名詞の複数の作り方、主格の独立した代名詞で分けている。

  • 主格の独立した代名詞がない
  • 数による変化がない
  • 人称と数という複数カテゴリーを同時に表す接辞が非人称代名詞に付く
  • 人称と数という複数カテゴリーを同時に表す代名詞語幹
  • 人称と数という複数カテゴリーを同時に表す代名詞語幹に代名詞特有の複数接辞が付く
  • 人称と数という複数カテゴリーを同時に表す代名詞語幹に名詞と共有の複数接辞が付く
  • 人称を表す代名詞語幹に代名詞特有の複数接辞が付く
  • 人称を表す代名詞語幹に名詞と共有の複数接辞が付く

今回は、日本語は「人称を表す代名詞語幹に名詞と共有の複数接辞が付く」、タガログ語は「人称と数という複数カテゴリーを同時に表す代名詞語幹」、アイヌ語は「人称と数という複数カテゴリーを同時に表す接辞が非人称代名詞に付く」
二値の素性の組み合わせで表現しようとすると[語幹が人称を表す/表さない][語幹が数を表す/表さない][接辞が人称を表す/表さない][接辞が数を表す/表さない][接辞が代名詞特有/名詞と共通]で、

  • 日本語: +--+-
  • タガログ語: ++000
  • アイヌ語: -++++(人称接辞 + コピュラの単数/複数という構造)

となり、平均をとるなら++0+0つまり「人称と数という複数カテゴリーを同時に表す代名詞語幹になんかよくわからん複数接辞が付く」……うーんキモい……
これは語彙の方で処理して「人称と数という複数カテゴリーを同時に表す代名詞語幹」に落ち着く可能性が高い

The Associative Plural

同じ性質を持つものの集合を表す累加の複数(additive plural)と、特定の人物とその関連者を表す結合の複数(associative plural)の違い

  • 累加の複数と結合の複数のマーカーが同じ
  • 結合の複数特有の接辞がある
  • 結合の複数特有の、接辞ではない単語や助詞がある
  • 結合の複数がない

今回は、日本語とアイヌ語が「累加の複数と結合の複数のマーカーが同じ」、タガログ語は「結合の複数特有の、接辞ではない単語や助詞がある」なので「累加の複数と結合の複数のマーカーが同じ」を採用

Definite Articles

参照言語のいずれにも冠詞はない

Indefinite Articles

参照言語のいずれにも冠詞はない

Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns

一人称複数形代名詞の、包括形と除外形の区別があるかないか
今回は日本語は「一人称複数形代名詞に包括形と除外形の区別がない」、タガログ語とアイヌ語は「一人称複数形代名詞に包括形と除外形の区別がある」なので「一人称複数形代名詞に包括形と除外形の区別がある」を採用

Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection

動詞の一人称複数形に、包括形と除外形の区別があるかないか
今回は29Aで動詞が屈折しないって言ってる

Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives

指示代名詞の遠近が区別されるかどうか

  • 区別がない
  • 2段階
  • 3段階
  • 4段階
  • 5段階以上

今回は日本語とタガログ語が3段階、アイヌ語が2段階なので3段階を採用
これ/それ/あれ

Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives

指示代名詞と指示形容詞の違い

  • 同じ
  • 語幹が違う
  • 語幹は同じで屈折形式が違う

今回は日本語が「語幹は同じで屈折形式が違う」、タガログ語が「同じ」、アイヌ語が「語幹が違う」なので、ううーん
「語幹は同じで屈折形式が違う」でいいか…

Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives

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Pub: 15 Oct 2023 16:02 UTC
Edit: 16 Oct 2023 15:01 UTC
Views: 65