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[00:00.000 --> 00:08.880]  traditional greetings from my lands on the Cherokee Nation reservation in Oklahoma of
[00:08.880 --> 00:14.680]  the United States. I'm Pam Kingfisher, a daughter of plutonium and the co-coordinator, along
[00:14.680 --> 00:21.200]  with Demedy Hawkins from Australia, of the Nuclear Truth Project. Welcome to our first
[00:21.200 --> 00:27.520]  in a series of webinars showcasing voices of lived experiences, expertise, science,
[00:27.520 --> 00:37.720]  and creativity in nuclear abolition work. Sorry. The Nuclear Truth Project is a new
[00:37.720 --> 00:43.080]  international initiative connecting indigenous peoples, affected communities, international
[00:43.080 --> 00:50.600]  and civil society organizations, experts, governments advocating for nuclear abolition.
[00:50.600 --> 00:55.800]  We're working to create support and political will to build momentum for our ultimate goal,
[00:55.800 --> 01:00.920]  the total elimination of nuclear weapons, together with redress for those who've been
[01:00.920 --> 01:07.640]  harmed and minimization of future harms from the widespread ecological damage and radioactive
[01:07.640 --> 01:13.340]  violence that has already occurred and continues today. I'm honored to introduce our three
[01:13.340 --> 01:20.760]  speakers in the order in which they'll present. Rosenet Timius from the Bikini Atoll and the
[01:20.760 --> 01:27.920]  Kili and Kifit Islands within the Marshall Islands. Rosenet is joining us from Hawaii,
[01:27.920 --> 01:33.000]  where she is currently an undergraduate at the University of Hawaii, majoring in political
[01:33.000 --> 01:40.280]  science with a minor in pre-law. Rosenet was very involved with Jotikom, a nonprofit organization
[01:40.280 --> 01:46.640]  focused on empowering Marshallese youth to rise up to the issues of climate change and
[01:46.640 --> 01:53.600]  nuclear legacy that are affecting their tiny islands, vast ocean and humble people. Rosenet
[01:53.600 --> 02:00.480]  continues to raise awareness about the Marshallese nuclear legacy, specifically its progress,
[02:00.480 --> 02:07.040]  connection to health, education and climate change in the Marshall Islands. And then we'll
[02:07.040 --> 02:12.320]  hear from Danadip Lalkin from the Marshall Islands, where she continues to voice her
[02:12.320 --> 02:18.040]  people's deep concern of the nuclear legacy that intersects with climate change, health
[02:18.040 --> 02:24.240]  and youth. Currently based in Mahuro Atoll, Danadip works as a curriculum specialist at
[02:24.240 --> 02:29.680]  the Ministry of Education Public School System. She's a former lead member of the Marshall
[02:29.680 --> 02:35.520]  Islands Student Association and co-founder of MISA for the Pacific. She led the first
[02:35.520 --> 02:42.960]  MISA for the Pacific Solidarity March in 2019 in Suva and co-directed the excellent film,
[02:42.960 --> 02:49.200]  My Fish is Your Fish, which will be linked here. Danady continues to speak to the ongoing
[02:49.200 --> 02:54.680]  health and environmental impact in the Marshall Islands, resulting from the United States'
[02:54.680 --> 03:01.160]  67 nuclear weapons tested in the Marshall Islands. And then we'll hear from Dr. Arjun
[03:01.160 --> 03:06.400]  Makhijani, who is the president of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research here
[03:06.400 --> 03:13.720]  in the US. Arjun has a PhD from UC Berkeley in engineering, specializing in nuclear fusion.
[03:13.720 --> 03:22.200]  A recognized authority on energy issues for over 40 years, Dr. Makhijani has deep knowledge
[03:22.200 --> 03:27.760]  of nuclear issues, including the impacts of testing. Arjun is the author and co-author
[03:27.760 --> 03:34.200]  of many reports on books and books on energy and environment related issues, including
[03:34.200 --> 03:39.760]  as principal editor of Nuclear Wastelands, produced by MIT Press. He has served as a
[03:39.760 --> 03:45.440]  consultant on energy issues to utilities, including the Tennessee Valley Authority,
[03:45.440 --> 03:51.760]  the Edison Electric Institute, the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and several agencies
[03:51.760 --> 03:58.680]  of the United States. No, hello, the United Nations, but most importantly to me, the Cherokee
[03:58.680 --> 04:04.020]  Nation. And he was the lead scientist for Native Americans for a Clean Environment when
[04:04.020 --> 04:11.840]  we shut down 23% of the world's uranium supply. I knew this would happen. Together in 1993.
[04:11.840 --> 04:25.840]  Arjun's a co-founder of the Nuclear Truth Project. With that, I welcome Danity to begin.
[04:25.840 --> 04:32.080]  And I think Roseanne will begin. I'm sorry. Yeah. Okay. Welcome, Roseanne. Okay. Thank
[04:32.080 --> 04:42.040]  you. Yabwe everyone. I am Roseanne Tumius, healing from the Tollapigini and K'le-Ena'eji
[04:42.040 --> 04:48.960]  Island. I want to first give a big kumonol, big kumonol thanks to the organizers of this
[04:48.960 --> 04:57.200]  event. Thank you for allowing me space to speak and share the history of my people.
[04:57.200 --> 05:03.280]  I dedicate my speaking time to our nuclear victims and survivors. And before we begin,
[05:03.280 --> 05:21.800]  may I ask that we have a moment of silence for the lives that were lost due to nuclear
[05:21.800 --> 05:39.280]  weapons. Thank you everyone. Can you guys see my slides? Yes. Thank you. In the Pacific
[05:39.280 --> 05:47.960]  Ocean lies the region of Oceania. This region comprises of the ethno-geographic, of the
[05:47.960 --> 05:56.080]  ethno-geographic groups called Palnesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia. The Republic of the Marshall
[05:56.080 --> 06:01.840]  Islands, along with the Republic of Palau, Republic of Kiribati, Republic of Nauru, Federated
[06:01.840 --> 06:09.280]  States of Micronesia, Guam, and Northern Mariana Islands, all make up what is known as Micronesia.
[06:09.280 --> 06:14.360]  Today our focus will be on the history and nuclear legacy of the Republic of the Marshall
[06:14.360 --> 06:25.640]  Islands. The Republic of the Marshall Islands is a cluster of 1,156 low-lying islands and
[06:25.640 --> 06:33.080]  islets and 27 coral atolls. The Marshall Islands is divided into two chains, and the western
[06:33.080 --> 06:39.360]  chain of the Marshall Islands is called Rarik, meaning sunset, and the eastern chain is called
[06:39.360 --> 06:45.920]  Rada, meaning sunrise. The population of the Republic of the Marshall Islands is around
[06:45.920 --> 06:51.680]  41,000 people, and majority of the population live on the capital city, which is Ndorong
[06:51.680 --> 07:08.960]  and Tso. Rosie, you're muted. I'm very sorry. I am very sorry. Can you guys hear me now?
[07:08.960 --> 07:18.000]  Yes. Okay, so about the Marshall Islands. The Marshall Islands is a cluster of 1,156
[07:18.000 --> 07:23.800]  low-lying islands and islets and 27 coral atolls. The Marshall Islands is divided into
[07:23.800 --> 07:31.160]  two chains, and the western chain of the Marshall Islands is called Rarik, meaning sunset, and
[07:31.160 --> 07:37.480]  the eastern chain is called Rada, meaning sunrise. The population of the Republic of
[07:37.480 --> 07:43.960]  the Marshall Islands is around 41,000 people, and majority of the population live on the
[07:43.960 --> 07:51.000]  capital city, which is Ndorong and Tso, and an island in Kwanjaren and Tso called Ibai.
[07:51.000 --> 07:56.520]  The official language of the Marshallese people is Marshallese, and the second language being
[07:56.520 --> 08:03.960]  English. The blue background of the flag of the Marshall
[08:03.960 --> 08:13.400]  Islands signifies the blue vast Pacific Ocean. The orange stripe represents the Rarik chain,
[08:13.400 --> 08:22.120]  and it also depicts bravery to navigate the blue ocean. The white stripe of the flag represents
[08:22.120 --> 08:29.640]  the Rarik chain, and it displays the peaceful nature of the Marshallese people. The sun's
[08:29.640 --> 08:37.920]  four big rays stand for the capital city and its three sub-districts. And if you look closely
[08:37.920 --> 08:43.920]  at the four bigger rays, it is shaped like a cross, and it is referring to the Christian
[08:43.920 --> 08:53.320]  faith of the Marshallese people. The people of the Marshall Islands are considered
[08:53.320 --> 08:59.040]  some of the greatest navigators of the world. They traverse the Pacific Ocean from one atoll
[08:59.040 --> 09:07.840]  to another in their canoes and use their man-made stick charts, pictured below, as their compass.
[09:07.840 --> 09:14.520]  The Marshall Islands is also home to the finest weavers. The handicrafts, traditionally known
[09:14.520 --> 09:22.520]  as amiguanos, are made from coconut shoot membranes and coconut fronds, shells, and
[09:22.520 --> 09:30.360]  pandanus leaves, and to create woven traditional clothes, traditional masks, baskets, bands,
[09:30.360 --> 09:37.840]  jewelry, and so much more. These amiguanos are admired for their intricate patterns and
[09:37.840 --> 09:44.520]  detailed carvings and designs. Similar to our brothers and sisters across
[09:44.520 --> 09:52.760]  the Pacific, the Marshall Islands was colonized. The first sighting of Spanish colonizers happened
[09:52.760 --> 10:01.000]  in the 16th century, and following the Spaniards were the Germans, who introduced co-producing,
[10:01.000 --> 10:08.680]  and then the Japanese, who established infrastructures, and later on, the United States of America.
[10:08.680 --> 10:19.960]  On December in the year of 1945, post-war, President Harry S. Truman declared the need
[10:19.960 --> 10:37.520]  of... I'll mute it again. Can you guys hear me? Sorry.
[10:37.520 --> 10:44.840]  On December in the year of 1945, post-war, President Harry S. Truman declared the need
[10:44.840 --> 10:51.120]  for the US Army to test the effect of atomic bombs, and the code name for the American-led
[10:51.120 --> 10:59.160]  effort to develop a functional atomic weapon was called the Manhattan Project.
[10:59.160 --> 11:06.920]  In February of 1946, Commodore Ben Wyatt of the US Army, he's pictured below, made his
[11:06.920 --> 11:14.200]  first visit to the atoll of Bikini in the Marshall Islands. Bikini was chosen because
[11:14.200 --> 11:20.680]  it is isolated, because of its isolation, and because airplanes and ships rarely go
[11:20.680 --> 11:27.000]  in that direction. Commodore Ben Wyatt assembled the people on
[11:27.000 --> 11:32.840]  a Sunday afternoon to propose that they leave their homeland for a short period of time
[11:32.840 --> 11:41.120]  in order to conduct the nuclear testings, which would be, quote, unquote, for the good
[11:41.120 --> 11:50.040]  of mankind and to end all wars. His visit will lead to the exodus of 167 Bikinians from
[11:50.040 --> 11:55.080]  their homeland in the commencement of the Manhattan Project.
[11:55.080 --> 12:06.520]  From the years of 1946 until 1958, a total of 67 bombs were dropped, were tested in the
[12:06.520 --> 12:13.160]  Marshall Islands, specifically on Bikini Atoll and Eniweta Atoll.
[12:13.160 --> 12:21.840]  In the early morning of March 1, 1954, at 6.45 a.m., Operation Castle commenced, and
[12:21.840 --> 12:30.760]  the most powerful hydrogen bomb, codenamed Bravo, was dropped on Bikini Atoll.
[12:30.760 --> 12:41.280]  Bravo was 15 megatons and traveled at 47,000 feet in just one minute and 132 feet in less
[12:41.280 --> 12:46.960]  than 10 minutes. To put into perspective, the Bravo bomb was
[12:46.960 --> 12:53.280]  1,000 times stronger than Hiroshima. The bomb dropped on Hiroshima, and it is estimated
[12:53.280 --> 13:02.920]  as if the U.S. were to drop 1.6 Hiroshima bombs every single day for 12 years. That's
[13:02.920 --> 13:10.480]  how powerful the Bravo bomb was. During the Castle Bravo test, the water temperature
[13:10.480 --> 13:19.440]  rose by 99,000 degrees Fahrenheit, fish and corals flinged into the air, and a mile-wide
[13:19.440 --> 13:27.880]  20, 250-feet-deep crater remains on the sea floor.
[13:27.880 --> 13:33.640]  Castle Bravo vaporized three islands in Bikini Atoll and contaminated most of the atolls
[13:33.640 --> 13:40.440]  in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, especially the neighboring atolls of Tromelat, Eniweta,
[13:40.440 --> 13:48.120]  and Wodan. On March 1, 1954, just three days after Castle
[13:48.120 --> 13:55.720]  Bravo was dropped, 82 people from Roanoke and Iluna were evacuated to Kwajenine Atoll
[13:55.720 --> 14:05.800]  to be treated and documented. This special and secret project was called Project 4.1.
[14:05.800 --> 14:14.280]  Researchers arrived to collect samples, obtain measurements, and observe the biological responses
[14:14.280 --> 14:23.240]  that show the level of exposure on each person. In this project, urine and blood tests were
[14:23.240 --> 14:34.040]  drawn and collected daily, and the human subjects, as they were labeled human subjects, were
[14:34.040 --> 14:41.240]  required to bathe three times a day in the lagoon with soap to see how their bodies would
[14:41.240 --> 14:50.920]  react. Before and after bathing, measurements were taken daily. The U.S. Army documented
[14:50.920 --> 14:56.520]  the population and control groups in ways that set a baseline for further studies on
[14:56.520 --> 15:05.080]  the long-term effects of radiation. These information were provided to ongoing studies
[15:05.080 --> 15:12.280]  on absorption rates, elimination processes, and other questions of interest to the national
[15:12.280 --> 15:18.760]  security and military defense of the United States.
[15:18.760 --> 15:27.720]  According to the reports on Project 4.1, the Bravo test has exposed 239 Marshallese on
[15:27.720 --> 15:35.400]  Wutara, Raulap, and Iluna Atolls to a significant level of radiation. It is also important to
[15:35.400 --> 15:42.760]  note that animals, such as pigs and rats, were also subjected to treatment.
[15:42.760 --> 15:51.720]  After the completion of the testings and the United States was satisfied, the U.S. military
[15:51.720 --> 16:01.000]  sent a man to build a crater on Anahuayda, and this crater is called the Ruin Atoll.
[16:01.000 --> 16:06.040]  This crater houses radioactive waste from the testing that were conducted on Bikini
[16:06.040 --> 16:13.560]  Atoll and Anahuayda Atoll, along with radioactive waste that they brought over from the testings
[16:13.560 --> 16:19.320]  that were conducted on U.S. soil in Nevada.
[16:19.320 --> 16:25.080]  This cracked crater, called Ruin Atoll, is now leaking into our ocean and destroying
[16:25.080 --> 16:35.240]  our environment. It greatly contributes to the rising sea level amid the climate crisis.
[16:35.240 --> 16:44.440]  So life after 1954 for the United States of America, they continue to compensate for the
[16:44.440 --> 16:49.240]  damages done through the combat of free association.
[16:49.240 --> 16:56.680]  And popular movies and TV series were inspired by the nuclear testings in the Marshall Islands,
[16:56.680 --> 17:05.320]  and the famous beach attire that is worn to the beach was also inspired by the nuclear testings.
[17:05.320 --> 17:11.640]  So next time you watch SpongeBob SquarePants or sit at the beach wearing your bikini,
[17:11.640 --> 17:15.800]  remember Castle Bravo.
[17:15.800 --> 17:21.720]  Although the people of Romuald and Anahuayda and Wodaruk were able to return home and people
[17:21.720 --> 17:30.280]  of Bikini have made or found a new home, generation after generation of Marshallese people continue
[17:30.280 --> 17:37.160]  to suffer from the traumatic events that took place and the health and environmental effects
[17:37.160 --> 17:40.520]  of the nuclear testing.
[17:40.520 --> 17:46.600]  While fighting for nuclear justice, we are also fighting the issues arising from climate
[17:46.600 --> 17:47.800]  change.
[17:47.800 --> 17:52.600]  Our people were forced to move from their homeland for the good of mankind.
[17:52.600 --> 18:01.480]  And now we have to move out of our homeland because of mankind.
[18:01.480 --> 18:10.680]  And as I previously mentioned, I am from K'nipikini'eji, KP for short, and most of my people of Bikini
[18:10.680 --> 18:19.080]  were relocated to a single island called K'nipikini'eji and others relocated to an islet on Mejero
[18:19.080 --> 18:20.920]  called Eji.
[18:20.920 --> 18:28.760]  There are only a few remaining number of nuclear survivors who are still with us today and
[18:28.760 --> 18:33.800]  my bumu or grandmother being one of them.
[18:33.800 --> 18:39.000]  Throughout my bumu's life, her name is Fruit Dime, I am named after her.
[18:39.000 --> 18:46.760]  Throughout her life, my grandmother has experienced evacuating her homeland, undergone two surgeries
[18:46.760 --> 18:51.720]  for breast cancer due to being exposed to radiation.
[18:51.720 --> 18:58.040]  And now she's living on an island that is extremely vulnerable to high tides and heavy
[18:58.040 --> 18:59.040]  rain.
[18:59.040 --> 19:08.920]  An island that has no lagoon for fishing and no proper soil to grow crops and harvest food.
[19:08.920 --> 19:16.200]  Her story, along with the, as well as the stories of other nuclear victims and survivors,
[19:16.200 --> 19:23.480]  are reminders for us to always remember Castle Bravo and to aim to abolish nuclear weapons.
[19:23.480 --> 19:31.800]  Again, again, kumu ta'ala, thank you to the organizers of this event for allowing me space
[19:31.800 --> 19:37.400]  to speak and share the stories of my people.
[19:37.400 --> 19:42.280]  And thank you to everyone who joined the webinar.
[19:42.280 --> 19:46.840]  I hope that you all were able to learn something from me today.
[19:46.840 --> 19:49.000]  Kumu ta'ala.
[19:49.000 --> 20:02.520]  Thank you and we move to Danity.
[20:02.520 --> 20:04.200]  Thank you so much, Rosenet.
[20:04.200 --> 20:06.920]  Danity, are you ready to go?
[20:06.920 --> 20:07.920]  Yes.
[20:07.920 --> 20:14.920]  I'm waiting for my slides to come up.
[20:14.920 --> 20:16.920]  Okay.
[20:16.920 --> 20:20.920]  All right.
[20:20.920 --> 20:23.960]  Kumu ta'ala.
[20:23.960 --> 20:25.960]  Thank you so much.
[20:25.960 --> 20:26.960]  Yahweh.
[20:26.960 --> 20:27.960]  Hello, everyone.
[20:27.960 --> 20:35.360]  My name is Danity Logan and I bring greetings to you all from my home, Mijuro et al., also
[20:35.360 --> 20:38.440]  known as the capital of Marshall Islands.
[20:38.440 --> 20:45.160]  I'm very thankful to be here today and especially grateful to be sharing the panel with Rosenet
[20:45.160 --> 20:48.320]  and Dr. Arjun.
[20:48.320 --> 20:49.320]  Next slide, please.
[20:49.320 --> 20:50.320]  All right.
[20:50.320 --> 21:01.120]  To begin, I'd like to pay homage to two incredible souls, Ichiro Mark from Bikini Atoll, sitting
[21:01.120 --> 21:09.440]  on the center right-hand photo, and Bede Edelman from Rolab Atoll, sitting on the left side
[21:09.440 --> 21:13.480]  of the left-hand photo.
[21:13.480 --> 21:21.200]  For those who may not know, Ichiro and Bede are both survivors of the U.S. nuclear testing
[21:21.200 --> 21:23.760]  here in the Marshall Islands.
[21:23.760 --> 21:29.400]  I had the privilege of working with them when we filmed our nuclear campaign video called
[21:29.400 --> 21:38.080]  My Fish is Your Fish, and I echo Pam's encouragement for all to watch it.
[21:38.080 --> 21:39.080]  It's accessible here.
[21:39.080 --> 21:40.800]  Thank you for sending the link.
[21:40.800 --> 21:45.480]  I think when you watch it, you might have a closer look to the inside stories of our
[21:45.480 --> 21:47.040]  nuclear survivors.
[21:47.040 --> 21:55.160]  Bede and Ichiro's stories of their internal and external struggles with the testing continue
[21:55.160 --> 22:00.200]  to enable the work that we do, as Rosen had mentioned, especially because we are the younger
[22:00.200 --> 22:06.480]  generation of Marshallese now that are experiencing the ongoing impacts of nuclear testing here
[22:06.480 --> 22:09.360]  in our home.
[22:09.360 --> 22:13.640]  Next slide, please.
[22:13.640 --> 22:18.260]  I want to take this time to thank both of them for their gift of sharing and voicing
[22:18.260 --> 22:22.920]  our nuclear legacy with us here in the Marshall Islands and across the world.
[22:22.920 --> 22:28.320]  Ichiro and Bede were only children when the Castle Bravo was detonated in Bikini on March
[22:28.320 --> 22:31.200]  1st of 1954.
[22:31.200 --> 22:39.320]  Ichiro told me that he experienced all kinds of trauma when the Castle Bravo was detonated.
[22:39.320 --> 22:45.080]  And to add to his horrific experience, he lived in exile from his home since the U.S.
[22:45.080 --> 22:49.080]  told his people that they couldn't live off the island.
[22:49.080 --> 22:54.480]  He also told me that he would never forgive the U.S. for the lasting damage that they
[22:54.480 --> 22:57.480]  had caused on them.
[22:57.480 --> 23:03.920]  In fact, most of our survivors still hold anger and resentment toward the U.S. government.
[23:03.920 --> 23:08.140]  Bede shares a similar experience with Ichiro.
[23:08.140 --> 23:13.560]  She lived her life with thyroid cancer and told me that she would take many medications
[23:13.560 --> 23:16.880]  each day to keep her health stabilized.
[23:16.880 --> 23:23.720]  And she also underwent surgery treatments for her thyroid cancer.
[23:23.720 --> 23:29.480]  Bede was many of the children in Rongelab, who played with the fallout from the Bravo
[23:29.480 --> 23:34.680]  shot, thinking that those were snowflakes.
[23:34.680 --> 23:39.960]  And she lost her parents and siblings early on because of the immediate impacts of the
[23:39.960 --> 23:40.960]  fallout.
[23:40.960 --> 23:48.320]  Unfortunately, I learned recently, like last week from Rosenet, that Ichiro, who happens
[23:48.320 --> 23:53.640]  to be Rosenet's also grandfather, that he passed away two years ago.
[23:53.640 --> 23:59.080]  And just two weeks ago, I was making arrangements to visit Bede, only to learn that she passed
[23:59.080 --> 24:01.520]  away November of last year.
[24:01.520 --> 24:03.640]  And in both times, I wasn't on island.
[24:03.640 --> 24:09.560]  And it's kind of sad that I didn't get to say my last goodbye and respect to them.
[24:09.560 --> 24:13.920]  And more so, it's very sad that we're losing more of our first generation of survivors
[24:13.920 --> 24:18.840]  who hold the firsthand stories of the testings.
[24:18.840 --> 24:24.820]  Because without their stories, I feel Marshall isn't clear history and stories might fade
[24:24.820 --> 24:29.320]  away from us, causing us to lose the history.
[24:29.320 --> 24:36.400]  And I can only imagine the younger generation coming up, not having the opportunity to experience
[24:36.400 --> 24:43.040]  what I got to experience with Bede and Ichiro.
[24:43.040 --> 24:49.400]  Both Ichiro and Bede wanted nothing more than to return to their home.
[24:49.400 --> 24:52.520]  Next slide, please.
[24:52.520 --> 24:59.320]  I want to now quickly give an overview of the status of our health today in the Marshall
[24:59.320 --> 25:06.800]  Islands, all of which I believe links to our nuclear legacy.
[25:06.800 --> 25:10.520]  Cancer rate in the Marshall Island continues to be on the rise with adults.
[25:10.520 --> 25:16.240]  We are seeing more people, especially girls and women over the age of 20, being diagnosed
[25:16.240 --> 25:22.680]  with cancer illnesses, such as cervical cancer, breast cancer, including many others, and
[25:22.680 --> 25:26.200]  other unspecified cancers.
[25:26.200 --> 25:31.520]  In a source I extracted from our cancer registry here that shows cancer data in the higher
[25:31.520 --> 25:40.600]  my over a span of 15 years, from 2007 to 2022, cervical cancer is the top adult cancer.
[25:40.600 --> 25:45.760]  And for our Marshallese women, we often don't know that we have cancer unless we get diagnosed
[25:45.760 --> 25:47.760]  early.
[25:47.760 --> 25:56.960]  And oftentimes, these diagnoses are found when we reach the late stages of our cancer.
[25:56.960 --> 26:02.880]  Marshallese continue to echo that we are all poisoned or radioactively contaminated.
[26:02.880 --> 26:07.880]  And this is to say that they oppose, we oppose U.S.'s claim that only four adults were impacted
[26:07.880 --> 26:11.920]  from the Bravo shot.
[26:11.920 --> 26:18.840]  They claim that Enewetak, Romolap, Udurag and Pikini were the only highly affected adults
[26:18.840 --> 26:22.880]  during the Bravo detonation.
[26:22.880 --> 26:27.400]  It doesn't help that the nuclear waste storage in Maroon Island that is currently leaking
[26:27.400 --> 26:33.280]  radioactive contamination to our ecosystem is ruining our crops and mixing with our freshwater
[26:33.280 --> 26:37.560]  lenses, exposing us to more radiation.
[26:37.560 --> 26:43.520]  I want to make the case of noncommunicable diseases because here in the Marshall Islands,
[26:43.520 --> 26:46.520]  it has worsened over the years.
[26:46.520 --> 26:50.880]  Young adults are diagnosed with NCDs today, even children.
[26:50.880 --> 26:51.880]  Why?
[26:51.880 --> 26:57.520]  Well, as many of our Marshallese, especially our elders, and often they will respond by
[26:57.520 --> 27:01.640]  saying because of what the U.S. did to our islands.
[27:01.640 --> 27:09.120]  And what they really mean is that Marshallese have lost our subsistence lifestyle as a result
[27:09.120 --> 27:11.600]  of the U.S. nuclear testing.
[27:11.600 --> 27:17.440]  Therefore, we've lost our traditional knowledge and ways of living on the land and water to
[27:17.440 --> 27:19.840]  a great degree.
[27:19.840 --> 27:24.760]  Now more than ever, we rely heavily on imported goods.
[27:24.760 --> 27:32.720]  One of the staple food in any Marshallese household that you can find are white rice,
[27:32.720 --> 27:40.920]  white flour, canned or tinned meats like tuna, corned beef, corned beef hash, Vienna sausage,
[27:40.920 --> 27:47.760]  along with ramen noodles, barrest, frank hot dogs, imported frozen meats, vegetables, all
[27:47.760 --> 27:54.160]  of which are highly processed and filled with little to no nutrition.
[27:54.160 --> 28:01.360]  Local foods are substituted with all of these, along with others, sugary drinks and food.
[28:01.360 --> 28:07.000]  And this is to say that we are eating less and less of our local food.
[28:07.000 --> 28:11.840]  It affects our overall health and well-being.
[28:11.840 --> 28:16.460]  And use my family as an example.
[28:16.460 --> 28:24.000]  My dad's side of the family, him and his six siblings, parents, aunts and uncles, and grandparents,
[28:24.000 --> 28:28.320]  most of them all passed away due to diabetes and kidney failure.
[28:28.320 --> 28:32.120]  My dad passed away at the age of 52 years ago.
[28:32.120 --> 28:38.800]  And some, if not most of my first cousins are either diagnosed or have higher cancer,
[28:38.800 --> 28:44.600]  higher chances of having prediabetes, diabetes and borderline hypertension.
[28:44.600 --> 28:52.660]  On my mother's side, she has altogether 10 siblings have hypertension and now diabetes.
[28:52.660 --> 28:55.560]  And they all take medications for those two.
[28:55.560 --> 29:02.720]  So imagine eating on a daily, those kind of food, and having to experience diabetes early
[29:02.720 --> 29:06.880]  on and losing your life to that.
[29:06.880 --> 29:13.840]  And I personally predict that our health in the Marshall Islands will only worsen from
[29:13.840 --> 29:22.080]  here on, especially with the impacts of rising sea level, as referenced by Rosenet earlier.
[29:22.080 --> 29:24.960]  Next slide, please.
[29:24.960 --> 29:31.200]  Now what scares me is that our health services are very limited here in the Marshall Islands.
[29:31.200 --> 29:36.160]  Just to give you an overview of our health facilities, we have two main hospitals located
[29:36.160 --> 29:40.240]  in our two urban areas, Midyodo and Iwai.
[29:40.240 --> 29:46.680]  We have about 59, roughly, give and take, care centers servicing outer islands.
[29:46.680 --> 29:51.120]  And these are led by healthcare assistants, not doctors, healthcare assistants.
[29:51.120 --> 29:58.040]  There is one 177 health clinic, healthcare center here in Midyodo that I know, and it
[29:58.040 --> 30:04.000]  provide health service to people of four ads all only, the people of Enewata, Pignini,
[30:04.000 --> 30:05.000]  Kalianudar.
[30:05.000 --> 30:10.080]  This clinic is part of an agreement in our contact of free association with the US, where
[30:10.080 --> 30:14.680]  the US provides some funding for basic healthcare.
[30:14.680 --> 30:16.300]  Basic healthcare.
[30:16.300 --> 30:22.200]  Our facilities only provide basic healthcare, or we can say that they also provide primary,
[30:22.200 --> 30:25.960]  secondary, and some territory healthcare.
[30:25.960 --> 30:29.840]  The challenge here is that these facilities are not equipped with the necessary medical
[30:29.840 --> 30:35.160]  tools, medicines, and technical and human capacity to properly provide care for our
[30:35.160 --> 30:37.000]  cancer patients.
[30:37.000 --> 30:41.480]  And even for our overriding cases of MCDs and other medical issues.
[30:41.480 --> 30:48.080]  So for instance, our lab tests are being sent to labs in the state, Hawaii in particular,
[30:48.080 --> 30:52.360]  for pathologists to study and send back our lab results.
[30:52.360 --> 30:58.080]  For our patients that require further medical care, the RMI has supplemental insurance that
[30:58.080 --> 31:06.760]  can send our martialist patients to Hawaii, Philippines, or Taiwan for further treatments.
[31:06.760 --> 31:12.120]  But that doesn't guarantee all patients have eligibility to receive treatment, especially
[31:12.120 --> 31:18.660]  if your health case has less chance of making it out alive.
[31:18.660 --> 31:24.720]  In other cases, martialists migrate to the US to seek medical assistance with families
[31:24.720 --> 31:28.440]  abroad, living abroad.
[31:28.440 --> 31:31.080]  Next slide, please.
[31:31.080 --> 31:37.760]  Oh, that's just to give you like a visual of what our Maduro Hospital look like.
[31:37.760 --> 31:39.880]  Those are the two main hospitals.
[31:39.880 --> 31:44.920]  That one is Maduro Hospital over there on the top left, and then that's Ibai Hospital
[31:44.920 --> 31:47.480]  bottom.
[31:47.480 --> 31:50.440]  Next slide, please.
[31:50.440 --> 31:55.040]  Now each year when we commemorate nuclear victims and survivors, remember in State
[31:55.040 --> 31:58.040]  and the Marshall Islands, we always have a theme.
[31:58.040 --> 32:04.480]  And this year's theme is Kurtabalak, which can be literally translated as point of no
[32:04.480 --> 32:05.480]  return.
[32:05.480 --> 32:11.560]  However, it has a deeper cultural meaning that sums up how we perceive our nuclear legacy
[32:11.560 --> 32:17.240]  and is a reminder of the much needed work that requires all of us to do in order to
[32:17.240 --> 32:20.920]  bring nuclear justice to our people and our environment.
[32:20.920 --> 32:26.840]  Kurtabalak is three words put together to make the word Kurtabalak.
[32:26.840 --> 32:31.720]  When I was reflecting on this theme when it came out, this is how I make sense of it.
[32:31.720 --> 32:39.600]  Kurt means to call out, tab means wood shavings from carving of canoes, and la means, you
[32:39.600 --> 32:42.800]  know, it implies looking ahead.
[32:42.800 --> 32:46.560]  So each wood shaving represents people.
[32:46.560 --> 32:51.640]  And as one of my elders shared with me, can also symbolize the creative ideas and solutions
[32:51.640 --> 32:57.760]  that we can use to move toward a peaceful future without nuclear weapons.
[32:57.760 --> 33:03.240]  And the idea of point of no return is meant to be there, because it implies that we already
[33:03.240 --> 33:07.400]  know what nuclear weapons can do to humanity.
[33:07.400 --> 33:11.080]  In our case in the Marshall Islands, we have lived through it.
[33:11.080 --> 33:14.420]  And we have fought to stop it even before it began.
[33:14.420 --> 33:18.520]  And we continue to voice the issue of nuclear testings to this day.
[33:18.520 --> 33:21.040]  There is no point of stopping right now.
[33:21.040 --> 33:27.880]  We must continue ahead until we receive the justice that we deserve.
[33:27.880 --> 33:30.280]  Next slide, please.
[33:30.280 --> 33:32.960]  Why is all of this important to me?
[33:32.960 --> 33:38.320]  The simple answer I can give is that the Marshall Island is home to many of us here.
[33:38.320 --> 33:43.080]  It is our place of belonging and we feel the most alive here.
[33:43.080 --> 33:46.880]  We are a proud matrilineal society, which means that our lands are passed on through
[33:46.880 --> 33:48.960]  our mothers lineages.
[33:48.960 --> 33:54.280]  Like our mothers, our lands provide everything that we need, the same with the ocean.
[33:54.280 --> 33:59.960]  And our livelihood is always dependent on the resources of both land and water.
[33:59.960 --> 34:06.840]  I want to say, I want to say, and by saying, and carry on with the work that we are doing
[34:06.840 --> 34:08.760]  to end all nuclear weapons.
[34:08.760 --> 34:15.240]  For you, for me, for Revsnets family, and for each of the spirit will continue to be
[34:15.240 --> 34:19.560]  with us as we continue our work toward a nuclear free world.
[34:19.560 --> 34:21.560]  Thank you.
[34:21.560 --> 34:30.280]  Thank you for bringing that spirit to us and sharing these stories.
[34:30.280 --> 34:33.720]  Arjun, you ready to go?
[34:33.720 --> 34:36.120]  Yeah, thank you.
[34:36.120 --> 34:40.120]  I'm going to share my screen.
[34:40.120 --> 34:59.640]  I'm going to give you a little survey of the tests and a little bit of the data around
[34:59.640 --> 35:00.640]  those tests.
[35:00.640 --> 35:04.560]  There were six tests in the CASEL series.
[35:04.560 --> 35:06.560]  Bravo was the first.
[35:06.560 --> 35:17.440]  It's on March 1, but it's listed in the Department of Energy list as the 8th of February.
[35:17.440 --> 35:23.120]  The total power of these tests was 46,000 kiloton.
[35:23.120 --> 35:24.120]  Yeah.
[35:24.120 --> 35:26.800]  Arjun, apologies to interrupt.
[35:26.800 --> 35:32.560]  Do you want to make your slide full screen?
[35:32.560 --> 35:34.160]  Oh, yeah.
[35:34.160 --> 35:35.160]  Okay.
[35:35.160 --> 35:38.760]  I'll make it full screen.
[35:38.760 --> 35:44.240]  About 46 times the total of all the atmospheric tests that were conducted.
[35:44.240 --> 35:49.280]  That's just this test series.
[35:49.280 --> 35:50.280]  Bravo was the largest.
[35:50.280 --> 35:54.000]  Sorry, it's a little bit misplaced.
[35:54.000 --> 35:55.720]  These yields should...
[35:55.720 --> 35:56.720]  I'm sorry.
[35:56.720 --> 35:57.720]  I'll have to fix.
[35:57.720 --> 35:58.720]  I didn't notice that.
[35:58.720 --> 35:59.720]  I'm sorry.
[35:59.720 --> 36:04.080]  Bravo, it should be all shifted up by one.
[36:04.080 --> 36:06.800]  I'll fix the slides and send them.
[36:06.800 --> 36:12.720]  I apologize, but the totals are correct.
[36:12.720 --> 36:21.400]  There were some other very big tests, 11 megatons, 7 megatons, nearly more than 13 megatons.
[36:21.400 --> 36:25.480]  This is one picture of the Bravo test, I think.
[36:25.480 --> 36:31.560]  Rosenet already showed something close to this.
[36:31.560 --> 36:37.280]  I want to show you some fallout maps that were made.
[36:37.280 --> 36:41.080]  Now this is decay corrected.
[36:41.080 --> 36:46.760]  This doesn't represent the actual fallout at the time of the test, but doesn't include
[36:46.760 --> 36:54.800]  like iodine-131, which causes all the thyroid problems, because this is corrected to what
[36:54.800 --> 37:02.840]  it remains 100 days after the test, and almost no iodine-131 remains 100 days after the test.
[37:02.840 --> 37:05.120]  I'm going to blow it up a little.
[37:05.120 --> 37:09.680]  This is from the Bravo test alone.
[37:09.680 --> 37:18.820]  Here the inner circle you see, this is in disintegrations per minute per square foot
[37:18.820 --> 37:19.820]  of land.
[37:19.820 --> 37:24.840]  Of course, all of these are hundreds of square miles, and so you've got millions of square
[37:24.840 --> 37:25.840]  feet.
[37:25.840 --> 37:32.440]  But the inner circle number is the fallout around the Marshall Islands.
[37:32.440 --> 37:37.160]  You see that as 50,000.
[37:37.160 --> 37:38.960]  I will go here.
[37:38.960 --> 37:43.840]  This is Mexico City around here, 8150.
[37:43.840 --> 37:48.040]  They had fallout measuring stations throughout the world.
[37:48.040 --> 37:58.240]  These are data from those stations compiled in 1955 in a report by, I think it was the
[37:58.240 --> 38:01.280]  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
[38:01.280 --> 38:02.280]  I'm not sure.
[38:02.280 --> 38:07.040]  The reference is there for you.
[38:07.040 --> 38:10.920]  This is the cumulative fallout from the whole test series.
[38:10.920 --> 38:13.720]  I'm going to show you a different version of this.
[38:13.720 --> 38:15.240]  I'll show you the same thing.
[38:15.240 --> 38:22.800]  If you look at around the Marshall Islands, the total fallout decay corrected to about
[38:22.800 --> 38:30.440]  130 days after the test was about five times the total.
[38:30.440 --> 38:35.680]  Bravo had the worst impact in terms of the fallout on people.
[38:35.680 --> 38:39.440]  Rongelap especially is very well known for that.
[38:39.440 --> 38:45.960]  But the total fallout was much greater in the whole of the Marshall Islands.
[38:45.960 --> 38:51.120]  The long-term fallout was about five times from the Bravo test alone.
[38:51.120 --> 38:55.600]  I'll show you a different version of this.
[38:55.600 --> 38:58.640]  This is Mexico City.
[38:58.640 --> 39:09.120]  The cumulative fallout in Mexico City, 52,973 from the whole test series was about the same
[39:09.120 --> 39:24.000]  as this 50,000 around the Marshall Islands from the Bravo test alone.
[39:24.000 --> 39:28.640]  This is as far as Mexico City on this side.
[39:28.640 --> 39:33.320]  I'll show you another city in another map.
[39:33.320 --> 39:37.280]  We made a map of this, an interactive map of this.
[39:37.280 --> 39:42.000]  I want to go to the interactive map so I can show you the names of the cities.
[39:42.000 --> 39:43.000]  Can you see this?
[39:43.000 --> 39:46.400]  Can you see this Mexico City?
[39:46.400 --> 39:50.520]  No, it's just showing the PowerPoint slides still.
[39:50.520 --> 39:52.640]  You might have to stop sharing and start again.
[39:52.640 --> 39:53.880]  I can see it.
[39:53.880 --> 39:55.000]  You can see the answer.
[39:55.000 --> 39:58.000]  I'll stop sharing and then start sharing again.
[39:58.000 --> 39:59.880]  I do want...
[39:59.880 --> 40:03.280]  Bear with me.
[40:03.280 --> 40:07.560]  Can you see this now?
[40:07.560 --> 40:09.200]  Oh, yeah.
[40:09.200 --> 40:10.200]  Mexico City.
[40:10.200 --> 40:18.840]  This map was put together by a colleague of mine, Eunice Tinkabuala, from the maps from
[40:18.840 --> 40:21.880]  the 1955 report.
[40:21.880 --> 40:25.280]  We tried to make it color, put the names of the cities.
[40:25.280 --> 40:26.680]  It's not complete yet.
[40:26.680 --> 40:28.840]  This is a work in progress.
[40:28.840 --> 40:30.760]  It shows...
[40:30.760 --> 40:32.960]  The Marshall Islands is here.
[40:32.960 --> 40:39.880]  You can see a vast area of the ocean around the Marshall Islands was contaminated.
[40:39.880 --> 40:45.160]  You heard that the US only recognizes four atolls, but you can see there was intense
[40:45.160 --> 40:51.920]  fallout in a huge area of the ocean all around the Marshall Islands.
[40:51.920 --> 40:55.600]  There were hot spots in Mexico City on this side.
[40:55.600 --> 41:03.720]  There was another hot spot all the way westward to Colombo, Sri Lanka.
[41:03.720 --> 41:09.120]  There was a fair amount of...
[41:09.120 --> 41:14.600]  I think Fiji is somewhere around here.
[41:14.600 --> 41:23.600]  So you can see there was not a non-negligible amount of fallout in Albuquerque, in Tucson,
[41:23.600 --> 41:24.600]  Arizona.
[41:24.600 --> 41:32.680]  So the CASEL test series produced a vast global fallout.
[41:32.680 --> 41:39.160]  This map has never been analyzed for health impact, but I want to tell you that the US
[41:39.160 --> 41:49.080]  has had this map since 1955 and has yet still not admitted that the entire Marshall Islands
[41:49.080 --> 41:54.560]  was impacted, which I think is a huge issue.
[41:54.560 --> 41:58.520]  Now I'll continue with my slides.
[41:58.520 --> 42:00.920]  You've seen that.
[42:00.920 --> 42:09.840]  So this is the fallout from the Bravo test.
[42:09.840 --> 42:14.800]  These are rats, cumulative fallout, 3,000.
[42:14.800 --> 42:25.560]  These are lethal levels of radiation, 3,000, 1,900, 1,300, 400 rats without medical treatment
[42:25.560 --> 42:29.000]  will kill about half the people.
[42:29.000 --> 42:33.040]  This is around the lap here.
[42:33.040 --> 42:38.040]  I'm sorry.
[42:38.040 --> 42:41.520]  But you can see that all of these atolls were affected.
[42:41.520 --> 42:44.160]  I will show you that.
[42:44.160 --> 42:48.240]  So I want to say something about the location of the test site.
[42:48.240 --> 42:52.880]  They said it was remote.
[42:52.880 --> 42:56.200]  But this should not be accepted at face value.
[42:56.200 --> 43:02.900]  After the Trinity test in New Mexico on July 16, Stafford Warren conducted a radiological
[43:02.900 --> 43:11.080]  survey and found severe fallout in many places, including days after the test.
[43:11.080 --> 43:15.200]  And he advised that was a 25 kiloton test.
[43:15.200 --> 43:21.320]  We're talking about the Castle series at 46,000 kilotons.
[43:21.320 --> 43:25.680]  And he said if you, and a single test, of course, 15,000 kilotons.
[43:25.680 --> 43:30.620]  And he said, if you're going to do a similar test, that is about 25 kilotons, there should
[43:30.620 --> 43:37.960]  be no one within 150 miles of human, no human habitation within 150 miles.
[43:37.960 --> 43:42.340]  That was violated in Nevada, and that was violated in the Marshall Islands.
[43:42.340 --> 43:46.960]  And not only that, the people of Rangalap, as you know, were not evacuated for two and
[43:46.960 --> 43:53.800]  a half days, and they suffered very severe levels of radiation.
[43:53.800 --> 44:01.800]  The meteorological conditions and other conditions for testing were known in advance to not be
[44:01.800 --> 44:03.400]  suitable.
[44:03.400 --> 44:09.840]  So a quote from the official document before the first test was done at Bikini in 1946
[44:09.840 --> 44:14.960]  is Marshall Islands did not quote in the main, unquote, meet the criteria for a suitable
[44:14.960 --> 44:16.600]  site.
[44:16.600 --> 44:23.680]  And after the 1948 test series, they said, which was all the tests, three, I think, were
[44:23.680 --> 44:29.000]  at Eniwetok, they said the conditions were far from satisfactory.
[44:29.000 --> 44:35.240]  But of course, the test continued for another day, including the Cassel flu.
[44:35.240 --> 44:40.400]  I want to give you some numbers, and please focus on these numbers.
[44:40.400 --> 44:49.720]  So 1997, the National Cancer Institute published a large report with many maps, and I can show
[44:49.720 --> 44:53.360]  you the map, you know, during the question and answer, I don't want to talk for too long,
[44:53.360 --> 44:56.320]  I'm going to end very soon.
[44:56.320 --> 45:03.960]  But fallout from the Nevada test site testing, atmospheric testing, the most severe doses
[45:03.960 --> 45:08.080]  were to the thyroid because of iodine 131.
[45:08.080 --> 45:12.920]  It comes down in the rain, falls down the grass, cattle and sheep grazing, and when
[45:12.920 --> 45:18.000]  you drink the milk or eat the meat, especially drink the milk, not so much the meat, you
[45:18.000 --> 45:23.680]  get iodine 131, which has a half-life of eight days, which means it's gone in about three
[45:23.680 --> 45:26.520]  months.
[45:26.520 --> 45:31.840]  The most severely contaminated places where people got the highest doses were generally
[45:31.840 --> 45:36.280]  in rural areas because people are drinking fresh milk.
[45:36.280 --> 45:41.360]  And they were four of the five most exposed counties where the highest average doses were
[45:41.360 --> 45:43.200]  in Idaho.
[45:43.200 --> 45:50.640]  So far as I know, I'm the only outside scientist who has gone to these counties to explain
[45:50.640 --> 45:56.180]  the results of the National Cancer Institute study, the National Academies did one meeting,
[45:56.180 --> 46:01.520]  but they did it in Boise, Idaho, the capital of Idaho, which is not in any of these counties.
[46:01.520 --> 46:02.520]  And there was one in Montana.
[46:02.520 --> 46:07.840]  I have not been to there.
[46:07.840 --> 46:17.800]  So the average in these highest exposed was 120 to 160 milligram.
[46:17.800 --> 46:24.880]  So the low exposure atolls, now this is according to the National Cancer Institute.
[46:24.880 --> 46:32.520]  So this is an official study from 2004, the low exposure Southern atolls, not the lowest
[46:32.520 --> 46:38.240]  exposure what they call, but the low exposure Southern atolls, 270 milligrams.
[46:38.240 --> 46:45.960]  So roughly double the highest exposures in the United States to the thyroid age weighted
[46:45.960 --> 46:48.760]  in the Marshall Islands.
[46:48.760 --> 46:57.840]  Higher exposure Northern atolls, higher exposure, my term, but obvious from about 10 times that
[46:57.840 --> 46:59.900]  of the low exposure.
[46:59.900 --> 47:05.760]  And so we're talking about 20 times the highest exposure in the United States to the thyroid.
[47:05.760 --> 47:08.120]  And these are average over areas.
[47:08.120 --> 47:13.320]  Utrecht about a hundred times, Rondelap about 600 times.
[47:13.320 --> 47:17.360]  And these are official dose estimates.
[47:17.360 --> 47:21.240]  My friend, Ben Frankie and many others, several others.
[47:21.240 --> 47:27.040]  My friend Hans Beiling has done independent dose estimates.
[47:27.040 --> 47:32.720]  Their dose estimates to the thyroid are many times higher than this.
[47:32.720 --> 47:39.000]  So we're talking about independent dose estimates that are thousands of times higher than the
[47:39.000 --> 47:45.960]  highest dose estimates in the United States, thousands of times in the case of Rondelap
[47:45.960 --> 47:51.640]  and hundreds of times in the case of Utrecht and dozens of times in the case of the other
[47:51.640 --> 47:53.820]  area.
[47:53.820 --> 47:59.080]  Anyone looking at this, so other radionuclides of iodine goes along with all the other radionuclides
[47:59.080 --> 48:01.080]  that goes away faster.
[48:01.080 --> 48:02.480]  They persist.
[48:02.480 --> 48:09.000]  This means this is absolute proof from the National Cancer Institute, along with the
[48:09.000 --> 48:11.040]  maps that I have shown you.
[48:11.040 --> 48:19.160]  This was my primary purpose today is to absolutely demonstrate to you that by US government data
[48:19.160 --> 48:27.840]  from 1955 till today, well, it was 54 data compiled in 1955 and published in 1955 till
[48:27.840 --> 48:35.040]  today that there should have been no doubt that the entire Marshall Islands was impacted
[48:35.040 --> 48:41.320]  and not only the entire Marshall Islands, but a very significant part of the globe with
[48:41.320 --> 48:46.240]  hotspots as far east as Mexico City and as far west.
[48:46.240 --> 48:50.000]  Now we're talking east and west of the Marshall Islands, of course.
[48:50.000 --> 48:56.800]  I want to end by saying a couple of more general things.
[48:56.800 --> 49:02.520]  The Bravo test, of course, contaminated the Lucky Dragon, the number five, the fishing
[49:02.520 --> 49:06.720]  boat, and that became a very big scandal.
[49:06.720 --> 49:14.160]  It also did arouse global calls for ending testing.
[49:14.160 --> 49:24.120]  I think it had a major role in the test moratorium from 58 to 61 or two, 61, I think.
[49:24.120 --> 49:26.800]  It also raised calls for nuclear disarmament.
[49:26.800 --> 49:28.640]  We don't have that yet.
[49:28.640 --> 49:31.840]  And that's what a lot of this fight is about.
[49:31.840 --> 49:36.320]  I wanted to say a couple of things about health.
[49:36.320 --> 49:41.000]  Thyroid doses, thyroid affects everything.
[49:41.000 --> 49:43.960]  Just a simple Google, I'm not a doctor.
[49:43.960 --> 49:50.120]  Tillman is on and maybe he will say something about the role of the thyroid, but it impacts
[49:50.120 --> 49:51.120]  everything.
[49:51.120 --> 49:52.120]  It impacts whether you put on weight.
[49:52.120 --> 49:56.840]  It impacts whether you lose weight, whether you have too much or too little of the thyroid
[49:56.840 --> 49:57.840]  hormone.
[49:57.840 --> 49:58.840]  It impacts how you grow.
[49:58.840 --> 50:02.000]  It impacts your nervous system.
[50:02.000 --> 50:04.720]  It impacts everything.
[50:04.720 --> 50:06.240]  It impacts the parathyroid.
[50:06.240 --> 50:13.080]  It impacts how much calcium you have in your blood.
[50:13.080 --> 50:14.720]  And that's just the thyroid.
[50:14.720 --> 50:20.760]  And I want to, you know, you've talked about the grandmothers.
[50:20.760 --> 50:27.720]  And I want to end on this note, and I hope we'll publish a report soon on intergenerational,
[50:27.720 --> 50:30.160]  multigenerational impacts.
[50:30.160 --> 50:38.240]  But one of the things that has been most ignored or neglected in radiation research has been
[50:38.240 --> 50:44.440]  what we inherit from our mothers and maybe the Marshall Islanders being a matrilineal
[50:44.440 --> 50:49.560]  society will put this issue on the map as well.
[50:49.560 --> 50:56.280]  You have, I am sure, multigenerational impacts based on the doses and the research that is
[50:56.280 --> 51:00.800]  very clear from the data from Hiroshima and Nagasaki onward.
[51:00.800 --> 51:08.080]  But the part of our DNA that we don't talk about a whole lot, the mitochondria, which
[51:08.080 --> 51:14.240]  is the energy system of our body, is inherited only from our mothers.
[51:14.240 --> 51:20.640]  The mitochondria and the sperm, but it's stripped out at the time of fertilization.
[51:20.640 --> 51:24.240]  So the mitochondria we have all come from our mothers.
[51:24.240 --> 51:29.280]  There are hundreds of mitochondria or thousands in each cell.
[51:29.280 --> 51:33.440]  And they're much more easily damaged by radiation.
[51:33.440 --> 51:38.720]  And of course, it's our maternal inheritance from the ova that are made.
[51:38.720 --> 51:41.600]  So let me, we have some young people here.
[51:41.600 --> 51:46.080]  I'm so happy to be on with you, Rosenet and Danity.
[51:46.080 --> 51:52.280]  I sometimes ask people, I won't ask you, when I talk how old they are, and they tell me
[51:52.280 --> 51:55.440]  their age, 25, 30, 35, whatever.
[51:55.440 --> 51:59.000]  And I tell them that that's only partly correct.
[51:59.000 --> 52:05.240]  That part of us is as old as our mothers, because the egg from which we were made was
[52:05.240 --> 52:11.360]  made in our mothers when they were in their mother's womb.
[52:11.360 --> 52:22.120]  So that idea, I hope that you as women from a matrilineal society will make the world
[52:22.120 --> 52:23.720]  conscious of it.
[52:23.720 --> 52:28.840]  And I hope we can make progress in nuclear justice and getting rid of nuclear weapons,
[52:28.840 --> 52:33.720]  because they've been around for too long, far too long.
[52:33.720 --> 52:34.720]  Thank you very much.
[52:34.720 --> 52:35.720]  Thank you.
[52:35.720 --> 52:39.000]  Thank you so much, Arjun, Danity, and Rosenet.
[52:39.000 --> 52:42.280]  This has been a really incredible hour.
[52:42.280 --> 52:44.080]  We have a few minutes left.
[52:44.080 --> 52:50.160]  I don't see any questions in the chat, but if you want to pop some in there.
[52:50.160 --> 52:58.240]  Just to be sure and tell you, this webinar will be recorded and posted on the ICANN Australian
[52:58.240 --> 52:59.240]  YouTube channel.
[52:59.240 --> 53:00.760]  So it'll be available.
[53:00.760 --> 53:06.080]  I know that some of the young people and student groups and others will be utilizing this in
[53:06.080 --> 53:12.520]  the Marshall Islands over the next month as they really commemorate this date.
[53:12.520 --> 53:14.240]  I learned so much.
[53:14.240 --> 53:15.960]  So are there any questions?
[53:15.960 --> 53:21.520]  I think there's a hand raising function or pop them in the chat.
[53:21.520 --> 53:24.440]  Be sure to visit Arjun's website.
[53:24.440 --> 53:29.120]  There's a lot of resources there in his books.
[53:29.120 --> 53:33.880]  And again, this is a first of a series from the Nuclear Truth Project that we will be
[53:33.880 --> 53:40.520]  continuing on with these webinars and continuing to educate ourselves and lift up these voices
[53:40.520 --> 53:45.680]  that we just don't hear these stories.
[53:45.680 --> 53:46.680]  It's a lot.
[53:46.680 --> 53:51.320]  And thank you, Rosenet and Danity, especially for your personal stories, for your personal
[53:51.320 --> 53:55.520]  photos and sharing your families and your lives with us.
[53:55.520 --> 53:59.160]  Sorry, I always get so emotional, but that's okay.
[53:59.160 --> 54:05.120]  That's what we're here for, is to feel each other and to inspire each other to keep working
[54:05.120 --> 54:09.360]  and to keep carrying on.
[54:09.360 --> 54:10.440]  We will send out a link.
[54:10.440 --> 54:16.160]  I think we'll have all your email addresses to send a link to the ICANN Australia YouTube
[54:16.160 --> 54:18.920]  channel.
[54:18.920 --> 54:21.040]  I don't see anything really specific.
[54:21.040 --> 54:23.720]  We have Arjun's website in the chat.
[54:23.720 --> 54:25.240]  Lots of thanks all around.
[54:25.240 --> 54:29.840]  And just, oh, thank you so much to all of you speakers.
[54:29.840 --> 54:31.000]  And please help me.
[54:31.000 --> 54:36.640]  Join me in a big thanks to Jess Bolan and Jim Romo from ICANN Australia, our invaluable
[54:36.640 --> 54:41.680]  partners providing the technical assistance for this webinar.
[54:41.680 --> 54:47.200]  We send deep gratitude to our friends at MISA for the Pacific, the Pacific Conference of
[54:47.200 --> 54:54.240]  Churches and ICANN Australia for joining us in co-sponsoring this event.
[54:54.240 --> 54:59.760]  The funding is coming through a grant provided by the Equity Rises portfolio of the Plough
[54:59.760 --> 55:03.280]  Shores, Plough Shares Fund.
[55:03.280 --> 55:07.520]  This content is not necessarily endorsed by the agency.
[55:07.520 --> 55:14.040]  You can visit our website at nucleartruthproject.com for more information, resources, and most
[55:14.040 --> 55:19.880]  importantly, there are protocols for engaging affected communities and peoples.
[55:19.880 --> 55:25.560]  These protocols are in community consultations right now, but look for an upcoming webinar
[55:25.560 --> 55:32.800]  as we detail this really important work out in how we do our work together and how we
[55:32.800 --> 55:35.560]  respect each other and our stories.
[55:35.560 --> 55:37.800]  Okay, I'm losing it.
[55:37.800 --> 55:40.480]  Somebody want to take, I see a hand up.
[55:40.480 --> 55:43.800]  Jan, we're really at time, but we do have one minute.
[55:43.800 --> 55:45.960]  So go for it.
[55:45.960 --> 55:53.360]  I wanted to ask if Arjun could please comment on the connection between nuclear power, that
[55:53.360 --> 56:00.840]  is the nuclear power reactors and nuclear weapons, the nuclear power reactors that are
[56:00.840 --> 56:03.960]  created for electricity and other purposes.
[56:03.960 --> 56:07.320]  Well, it's a complicated question.
[56:07.320 --> 56:14.840]  I'll try to give you a one minute answer, which is the basics of the technologies are
[56:14.840 --> 56:16.280]  the same.
[56:16.280 --> 56:19.880]  The bombs depend on fission, nuclear power depends on fission.
[56:19.880 --> 56:26.520]  You're splitting uranium atoms or plutonium atoms nuclei, and you get highly radioactive
[56:26.520 --> 56:28.040]  fission products.
[56:28.040 --> 56:33.880]  We still don't know what to do with the plutonium from all the surplus bombs and from all the
[56:33.880 --> 56:36.160]  waste from the nuclear power plants.
[56:36.160 --> 56:43.280]  There are some differences in that the fission in the bombs happens all at once.
[56:43.280 --> 56:51.840]  And the fission powers has to be controlled to produce electricity.
[56:51.840 --> 56:53.440]  But they all generate waste.
[56:53.440 --> 56:58.400]  The most ubiquitous pollutant they both generate is tritium, which is radioactive hydrogen.
[56:58.400 --> 56:59.400]  It becomes water.
[56:59.400 --> 57:06.680]  It has polluted everything, is the most common pollutant from nuclear power plants.
[57:06.680 --> 57:11.160]  It is discharged into rivers and lakes and the oceans and winds up many people's drinking
[57:11.160 --> 57:13.000]  water supplies.
[57:13.000 --> 57:15.480]  That has also happened with nuclear weapons.
[57:15.480 --> 57:21.440]  In Savannah Riverside, they have tritium in the ponds there from tritium production and
[57:21.440 --> 57:22.440]  plutonium production.
[57:22.440 --> 57:27.320]  It evaporates the water from the ponds and it rains down radioactive rain on the other
[57:27.320 --> 57:29.000]  side of the river.
[57:29.000 --> 57:30.960]  Many people's wells are contaminated.
[57:30.960 --> 57:36.320]  That also happens near nuclear power plants where tritium leaks and then it contaminates
[57:36.320 --> 57:39.800]  people's wells.
[57:39.800 --> 57:41.720]  So there are many different connections.
[57:41.720 --> 57:52.600]  The political connection is this.
[57:52.600 --> 57:59.640]  I think nuclear weapons became illegitimate as an enterprise in December 1944 when the
[57:59.640 --> 58:05.360]  Manhattan Project found out that the Germans don't have a viable bomb.
[58:05.360 --> 58:09.800]  From that time on, I think the justification for the project was over.
[58:09.800 --> 58:14.760]  The famous physicist Richard Feynman has said this also.
[58:14.760 --> 58:18.400]  He was there in Los Alamos.
[58:18.400 --> 58:22.360]  In different words.
[58:22.360 --> 58:27.920]  Nuclear power also similarly was born out of a sort of a self-deception.
[58:27.920 --> 58:36.400]  Eisenhower didn't want to talk about the horror of thermonuclear weapons alone in 1953 after
[58:36.400 --> 58:41.600]  the Soviet thermonuclear test in September 1953.
[58:41.600 --> 58:46.160]  He told his speech writers that he didn't want a gloom and doom speech alone.
[58:46.160 --> 58:47.400]  Give me something good to say.
[58:47.400 --> 58:48.400]  Those are my words.
[58:48.400 --> 58:50.800]  But that was the message they got.
[58:50.800 --> 58:54.560]  So the message they gave him was atoms for peace.
[58:54.560 --> 59:00.800]  Atoms for peace is a fig leaf on the horror of thermonuclear weapons.
[59:00.800 --> 59:06.360]  That was how atoms for peace speech was constructed.
[59:06.360 --> 59:12.560]  At that time, it was known that nuclear power would be much more expensive than coal-fired
[59:12.560 --> 59:14.200]  power.
[59:14.200 --> 59:19.360]  Even though the chairman of the AEC said it would one day be too cheap to meter, every
[59:19.360 --> 59:23.080]  single official study done said it would be more expensive.
[59:23.080 --> 59:29.360]  Every single one that I've ever seen and I've made an effort to find them all.
[59:29.360 --> 59:39.560]  So there's a kind of continuity to the layers of deception, cover up, withholding the truth.
[59:39.560 --> 59:47.320]  Just like saying only four atolls were really affected when the data from 1954 onward till
[59:47.320 --> 59:52.440]  today is very, very, very clear, at least in my opinion.
[59:52.440 --> 59:55.160]  I'd be happy to debate this.
[59:55.160 --> 01:00:04.340]  And so the biggest problem with these two things, in my opinion, are not that the most
[01:00:04.340 --> 01:00:15.680]  anti-democratic instruments, either for energy or military purposes, invented by humans.
[01:00:15.680 --> 01:00:19.680]  That's what unites them both, most powerful.
[01:00:19.680 --> 01:00:25.240]  That sounds like a big question for another webinar and all these things are tied together.
[01:00:25.240 --> 01:00:26.240]  Sorry, I took four minutes.
[01:00:26.240 --> 01:00:27.240]  No, that's okay.
[01:00:27.240 --> 01:00:28.240]  I took four minutes.
[01:00:28.240 --> 01:00:29.240]  Sorry.
[01:00:29.240 --> 01:00:32.320]  Two and four minutes is pretty darn good, Arjun.
[01:00:32.320 --> 01:00:35.200]  And always explains to me things in a capsule.
[01:00:35.200 --> 01:00:38.820]  So thanks for your questions.
[01:00:38.820 --> 01:00:43.480]  We do have the link to the YouTube channel in chat.
[01:00:43.480 --> 01:00:47.740]  Again, thank you, technology, all your support here.
[01:00:47.740 --> 01:00:51.240]  So we just want to thank everyone for joining us.
[01:00:51.240 --> 01:00:56.560]  We'll put you on our mailing list and we'll be sending out, we'll be doing more of these
[01:00:56.560 --> 01:00:59.800]  webinars and getting us together and carrying on.
[01:00:59.800 --> 01:01:06.640]  Pam, could I say how happy I have been to share this platform with Danity and Rosie?
[01:01:06.640 --> 01:01:12.840]  Thank you for doing that, making it possible for this old guy to be on the platform with
[01:01:12.840 --> 01:01:13.840]  it.
[01:01:13.840 --> 01:01:17.440]  I really am very honored and appreciate it.
[01:01:17.440 --> 01:01:24.840]  So very honored to share my story with you all today.
[01:01:24.840 --> 01:01:48.840]  Thank you.

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traditional greetings from my lands on the Cherokee Nation reservation in Oklahoma of
the United States. I'm Pam Kingfisher, a daughter of plutonium and the co-coordinator, along
with Demedy Hawkins from Australia, of the Nuclear Truth Project. Welcome to our first
in a series of webinars showcasing voices of lived experiences, expertise, science,
and creativity in nuclear abolition work. Sorry. The Nuclear Truth Project is a new
international initiative connecting indigenous peoples, affected communities, international
and civil society organizations, experts, governments advocating for nuclear abolition.
We're working to create support and political will to build momentum for our ultimate goal,
the total elimination of nuclear weapons, together with redress for those who've been
harmed and minimization of future harms from the widespread ecological damage and radioactive
violence that has already occurred and continues today. I'm honored to introduce our three
speakers in the order in which they'll present. Rosenet Timius from the Bikini Atoll and the
Kili and Kifit Islands within the Marshall Islands. Rosenet is joining us from Hawaii,
where she is currently an undergraduate at the University of Hawaii, majoring in political
science with a minor in pre-law. Rosenet was very involved with Jotikom, a nonprofit organization
focused on empowering Marshallese youth to rise up to the issues of climate change and
nuclear legacy that are affecting their tiny islands, vast ocean and humble people. Rosenet
continues to raise awareness about the Marshallese nuclear legacy, specifically its progress,
connection to health, education and climate change in the Marshall Islands. And then we'll
hear from Danadip Lalkin from the Marshall Islands, where she continues to voice her
people's deep concern of the nuclear legacy that intersects with climate change, health
and youth. Currently based in Mahuro Atoll, Danadip works as a curriculum specialist at
the Ministry of Education Public School System. She's a former lead member of the Marshall
Islands Student Association and co-founder of MISA for the Pacific. She led the first
MISA for the Pacific Solidarity March in 2019 in Suva and co-directed the excellent film,
My Fish is Your Fish, which will be linked here. Danady continues to speak to the ongoing
health and environmental impact in the Marshall Islands, resulting from the United States'
67 nuclear weapons tested in the Marshall Islands. And then we'll hear from Dr. Arjun
Makhijani, who is the president of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research here
in the US. Arjun has a PhD from UC Berkeley in engineering, specializing in nuclear fusion.
A recognized authority on energy issues for over 40 years, Dr. Makhijani has deep knowledge
of nuclear issues, including the impacts of testing. Arjun is the author and co-author
of many reports on books and books on energy and environment related issues, including
as principal editor of Nuclear Wastelands, produced by MIT Press. He has served as a
consultant on energy issues to utilities, including the Tennessee Valley Authority,
the Edison Electric Institute, the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and several agencies
of the United States. No, hello, the United Nations, but most importantly to me, the Cherokee
Nation. And he was the lead scientist for Native Americans for a Clean Environment when
we shut down 23% of the world's uranium supply. I knew this would happen. Together in 1993.
Arjun's a co-founder of the Nuclear Truth Project. With that, I welcome Danity to begin.
And I think Roseanne will begin. I'm sorry. Yeah. Okay. Welcome, Roseanne. Okay. Thank
you. Yabwe everyone. I am Roseanne Tumius, healing from the Tollapigini and K'le-Ena'eji
Island. I want to first give a big kumonol, big kumonol thanks to the organizers of this
event. Thank you for allowing me space to speak and share the history of my people.
I dedicate my speaking time to our nuclear victims and survivors. And before we begin,
may I ask that we have a moment of silence for the lives that were lost due to nuclear
weapons. Thank you everyone. Can you guys see my slides? Yes. Thank you. In the Pacific
Ocean lies the region of Oceania. This region comprises of the ethno-geographic, of the
ethno-geographic groups called Palnesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia. The Republic of the Marshall
Islands, along with the Republic of Palau, Republic of Kiribati, Republic of Nauru, Federated
States of Micronesia, Guam, and Northern Mariana Islands, all make up what is known as Micronesia.
Today our focus will be on the history and nuclear legacy of the Republic of the Marshall
Islands. The Republic of the Marshall Islands is a cluster of 1,156 low-lying islands and
islets and 27 coral atolls. The Marshall Islands is divided into two chains, and the western
chain of the Marshall Islands is called Rarik, meaning sunset, and the eastern chain is called
Rada, meaning sunrise. The population of the Republic of the Marshall Islands is around
41,000 people, and majority of the population live on the capital city, which is Ndorong
and Tso. Rosie, you're muted. I'm very sorry. I am very sorry. Can you guys hear me now?
Yes. Okay, so about the Marshall Islands. The Marshall Islands is a cluster of 1,156
low-lying islands and islets and 27 coral atolls. The Marshall Islands is divided into
two chains, and the western chain of the Marshall Islands is called Rarik, meaning sunset, and
the eastern chain is called Rada, meaning sunrise. The population of the Republic of
the Marshall Islands is around 41,000 people, and majority of the population live on the
capital city, which is Ndorong and Tso, and an island in Kwanjaren and Tso called Ibai.
The official language of the Marshallese people is Marshallese, and the second language being
English. The blue background of the flag of the Marshall
Islands signifies the blue vast Pacific Ocean. The orange stripe represents the Rarik chain,
and it also depicts bravery to navigate the blue ocean. The white stripe of the flag represents
the Rarik chain, and it displays the peaceful nature of the Marshallese people. The sun's
four big rays stand for the capital city and its three sub-districts. And if you look closely
at the four bigger rays, it is shaped like a cross, and it is referring to the Christian
faith of the Marshallese people. The people of the Marshall Islands are considered
some of the greatest navigators of the world. They traverse the Pacific Ocean from one atoll
to another in their canoes and use their man-made stick charts, pictured below, as their compass.
The Marshall Islands is also home to the finest weavers. The handicrafts, traditionally known
as amiguanos, are made from coconut shoot membranes and coconut fronds, shells, and
pandanus leaves, and to create woven traditional clothes, traditional masks, baskets, bands,
jewelry, and so much more. These amiguanos are admired for their intricate patterns and
detailed carvings and designs. Similar to our brothers and sisters across
the Pacific, the Marshall Islands was colonized. The first sighting of Spanish colonizers happened
in the 16th century, and following the Spaniards were the Germans, who introduced co-producing,
and then the Japanese, who established infrastructures, and later on, the United States of America.
On December in the year of 1945, post-war, President Harry S. Truman declared the need
of... I'll mute it again. Can you guys hear me? Sorry.
On December in the year of 1945, post-war, President Harry S. Truman declared the need
for the US Army to test the effect of atomic bombs, and the code name for the American-led
effort to develop a functional atomic weapon was called the Manhattan Project.
In February of 1946, Commodore Ben Wyatt of the US Army, he's pictured below, made his
first visit to the atoll of Bikini in the Marshall Islands. Bikini was chosen because
it is isolated, because of its isolation, and because airplanes and ships rarely go
in that direction. Commodore Ben Wyatt assembled the people on
a Sunday afternoon to propose that they leave their homeland for a short period of time
in order to conduct the nuclear testings, which would be, quote, unquote, for the good
of mankind and to end all wars. His visit will lead to the exodus of 167 Bikinians from
their homeland in the commencement of the Manhattan Project.
From the years of 1946 until 1958, a total of 67 bombs were dropped, were tested in the
Marshall Islands, specifically on Bikini Atoll and Eniweta Atoll.
In the early morning of March 1, 1954, at 6.45 a.m., Operation Castle commenced, and
the most powerful hydrogen bomb, codenamed Bravo, was dropped on Bikini Atoll.
Bravo was 15 megatons and traveled at 47,000 feet in just one minute and 132 feet in less
than 10 minutes. To put into perspective, the Bravo bomb was
1,000 times stronger than Hiroshima. The bomb dropped on Hiroshima, and it is estimated
as if the U.S. were to drop 1.6 Hiroshima bombs every single day for 12 years. That's
how powerful the Bravo bomb was. During the Castle Bravo test, the water temperature
rose by 99,000 degrees Fahrenheit, fish and corals flinged into the air, and a mile-wide
20, 250-feet-deep crater remains on the sea floor.
Castle Bravo vaporized three islands in Bikini Atoll and contaminated most of the atolls
in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, especially the neighboring atolls of Tromelat, Eniweta,
and Wodan. On March 1, 1954, just three days after Castle
Bravo was dropped, 82 people from Roanoke and Iluna were evacuated to Kwajenine Atoll
to be treated and documented. This special and secret project was called Project 4.1.
Researchers arrived to collect samples, obtain measurements, and observe the biological responses
that show the level of exposure on each person. In this project, urine and blood tests were
drawn and collected daily, and the human subjects, as they were labeled human subjects, were
required to bathe three times a day in the lagoon with soap to see how their bodies would
react. Before and after bathing, measurements were taken daily. The U.S. Army documented
the population and control groups in ways that set a baseline for further studies on
the long-term effects of radiation. These information were provided to ongoing studies
on absorption rates, elimination processes, and other questions of interest to the national
security and military defense of the United States.
According to the reports on Project 4.1, the Bravo test has exposed 239 Marshallese on
Wutara, Raulap, and Iluna Atolls to a significant level of radiation. It is also important to
note that animals, such as pigs and rats, were also subjected to treatment.
After the completion of the testings and the United States was satisfied, the U.S. military
sent a man to build a crater on Anahuayda, and this crater is called the Ruin Atoll.
This crater houses radioactive waste from the testing that were conducted on Bikini
Atoll and Anahuayda Atoll, along with radioactive waste that they brought over from the testings
that were conducted on U.S. soil in Nevada.
This cracked crater, called Ruin Atoll, is now leaking into our ocean and destroying
our environment. It greatly contributes to the rising sea level amid the climate crisis.
So life after 1954 for the United States of America, they continue to compensate for the
damages done through the combat of free association.
And popular movies and TV series were inspired by the nuclear testings in the Marshall Islands,
and the famous beach attire that is worn to the beach was also inspired by the nuclear testings.
So next time you watch SpongeBob SquarePants or sit at the beach wearing your bikini,
remember Castle Bravo.
Although the people of Romuald and Anahuayda and Wodaruk were able to return home and people
of Bikini have made or found a new home, generation after generation of Marshallese people continue
to suffer from the traumatic events that took place and the health and environmental effects
of the nuclear testing.
While fighting for nuclear justice, we are also fighting the issues arising from climate
change.
Our people were forced to move from their homeland for the good of mankind.
And now we have to move out of our homeland because of mankind.
And as I previously mentioned, I am from K'nipikini'eji, KP for short, and most of my people of Bikini
were relocated to a single island called K'nipikini'eji and others relocated to an islet on Mejero
called Eji.
There are only a few remaining number of nuclear survivors who are still with us today and
my bumu or grandmother being one of them.
Throughout my bumu's life, her name is Fruit Dime, I am named after her.
Throughout her life, my grandmother has experienced evacuating her homeland, undergone two surgeries
for breast cancer due to being exposed to radiation.
And now she's living on an island that is extremely vulnerable to high tides and heavy
rain.
An island that has no lagoon for fishing and no proper soil to grow crops and harvest food.
Her story, along with the, as well as the stories of other nuclear victims and survivors,
are reminders for us to always remember Castle Bravo and to aim to abolish nuclear weapons.
Again, again, kumu ta'ala, thank you to the organizers of this event for allowing me space
to speak and share the stories of my people.
And thank you to everyone who joined the webinar.
I hope that you all were able to learn something from me today.
Kumu ta'ala.
Thank you and we move to Danity.
Thank you so much, Rosenet.
Danity, are you ready to go?
Yes.
I'm waiting for my slides to come up.
Okay.
All right.
Kumu ta'ala.
Thank you so much.
Yahweh.
Hello, everyone.
My name is Danity Logan and I bring greetings to you all from my home, Mijuro et al., also
known as the capital of Marshall Islands.
I'm very thankful to be here today and especially grateful to be sharing the panel with Rosenet
and Dr. Arjun.
Next slide, please.
All right.
To begin, I'd like to pay homage to two incredible souls, Ichiro Mark from Bikini Atoll, sitting
on the center right-hand photo, and Bede Edelman from Rolab Atoll, sitting on the left side
of the left-hand photo.
For those who may not know, Ichiro and Bede are both survivors of the U.S. nuclear testing
here in the Marshall Islands.
I had the privilege of working with them when we filmed our nuclear campaign video called
My Fish is Your Fish, and I echo Pam's encouragement for all to watch it.
It's accessible here.
Thank you for sending the link.
I think when you watch it, you might have a closer look to the inside stories of our
nuclear survivors.
Bede and Ichiro's stories of their internal and external struggles with the testing continue
to enable the work that we do, as Rosen had mentioned, especially because we are the younger
generation of Marshallese now that are experiencing the ongoing impacts of nuclear testing here
in our home.
Next slide, please.
I want to take this time to thank both of them for their gift of sharing and voicing
our nuclear legacy with us here in the Marshall Islands and across the world.
Ichiro and Bede were only children when the Castle Bravo was detonated in Bikini on March
1st of 1954.
Ichiro told me that he experienced all kinds of trauma when the Castle Bravo was detonated.
And to add to his horrific experience, he lived in exile from his home since the U.S.
told his people that they couldn't live off the island.
He also told me that he would never forgive the U.S. for the lasting damage that they
had caused on them.
In fact, most of our survivors still hold anger and resentment toward the U.S. government.
Bede shares a similar experience with Ichiro.
She lived her life with thyroid cancer and told me that she would take many medications
each day to keep her health stabilized.
And she also underwent surgery treatments for her thyroid cancer.
Bede was many of the children in Rongelab, who played with the fallout from the Bravo
shot, thinking that those were snowflakes.
And she lost her parents and siblings early on because of the immediate impacts of the
fallout.
Unfortunately, I learned recently, like last week from Rosenet, that Ichiro, who happens
to be Rosenet's also grandfather, that he passed away two years ago.
And just two weeks ago, I was making arrangements to visit Bede, only to learn that she passed
away November of last year.
And in both times, I wasn't on island.
And it's kind of sad that I didn't get to say my last goodbye and respect to them.
And more so, it's very sad that we're losing more of our first generation of survivors
who hold the firsthand stories of the testings.
Because without their stories, I feel Marshall isn't clear history and stories might fade
away from us, causing us to lose the history.
And I can only imagine the younger generation coming up, not having the opportunity to experience
what I got to experience with Bede and Ichiro.
Both Ichiro and Bede wanted nothing more than to return to their home.
Next slide, please.
I want to now quickly give an overview of the status of our health today in the Marshall
Islands, all of which I believe links to our nuclear legacy.
Cancer rate in the Marshall Island continues to be on the rise with adults.
We are seeing more people, especially girls and women over the age of 20, being diagnosed
with cancer illnesses, such as cervical cancer, breast cancer, including many others, and
other unspecified cancers.
In a source I extracted from our cancer registry here that shows cancer data in the higher
my over a span of 15 years, from 2007 to 2022, cervical cancer is the top adult cancer.
And for our Marshallese women, we often don't know that we have cancer unless we get diagnosed
early.
And oftentimes, these diagnoses are found when we reach the late stages of our cancer.
Marshallese continue to echo that we are all poisoned or radioactively contaminated.
And this is to say that they oppose, we oppose U.S.'s claim that only four adults were impacted
from the Bravo shot.
They claim that Enewetak, Romolap, Udurag and Pikini were the only highly affected adults
during the Bravo detonation.
It doesn't help that the nuclear waste storage in Maroon Island that is currently leaking
radioactive contamination to our ecosystem is ruining our crops and mixing with our freshwater
lenses, exposing us to more radiation.
I want to make the case of noncommunicable diseases because here in the Marshall Islands,
it has worsened over the years.
Young adults are diagnosed with NCDs today, even children.
Why?
Well, as many of our Marshallese, especially our elders, and often they will respond by
saying because of what the U.S. did to our islands.
And what they really mean is that Marshallese have lost our subsistence lifestyle as a result
of the U.S. nuclear testing.
Therefore, we've lost our traditional knowledge and ways of living on the land and water to
a great degree.
Now more than ever, we rely heavily on imported goods.
One of the staple food in any Marshallese household that you can find are white rice,
white flour, canned or tinned meats like tuna, corned beef, corned beef hash, Vienna sausage,
along with ramen noodles, barrest, frank hot dogs, imported frozen meats, vegetables, all
of which are highly processed and filled with little to no nutrition.
Local foods are substituted with all of these, along with others, sugary drinks and food.
And this is to say that we are eating less and less of our local food.
It affects our overall health and well-being.
And use my family as an example.
My dad's side of the family, him and his six siblings, parents, aunts and uncles, and grandparents,
most of them all passed away due to diabetes and kidney failure.
My dad passed away at the age of 52 years ago.
And some, if not most of my first cousins are either diagnosed or have higher cancer,
higher chances of having prediabetes, diabetes and borderline hypertension.
On my mother's side, she has altogether 10 siblings have hypertension and now diabetes.
And they all take medications for those two.
So imagine eating on a daily, those kind of food, and having to experience diabetes early
on and losing your life to that.
And I personally predict that our health in the Marshall Islands will only worsen from
here on, especially with the impacts of rising sea level, as referenced by Rosenet earlier.
Next slide, please.
Now what scares me is that our health services are very limited here in the Marshall Islands.
Just to give you an overview of our health facilities, we have two main hospitals located
in our two urban areas, Midyodo and Iwai.
We have about 59, roughly, give and take, care centers servicing outer islands.
And these are led by healthcare assistants, not doctors, healthcare assistants.
There is one 177 health clinic, healthcare center here in Midyodo that I know, and it
provide health service to people of four ads all only, the people of Enewata, Pignini,
Kalianudar.
This clinic is part of an agreement in our contact of free association with the US, where
the US provides some funding for basic healthcare.
Basic healthcare.
Our facilities only provide basic healthcare, or we can say that they also provide primary,
secondary, and some territory healthcare.
The challenge here is that these facilities are not equipped with the necessary medical
tools, medicines, and technical and human capacity to properly provide care for our
cancer patients.
And even for our overriding cases of MCDs and other medical issues.
So for instance, our lab tests are being sent to labs in the state, Hawaii in particular,
for pathologists to study and send back our lab results.
For our patients that require further medical care, the RMI has supplemental insurance that
can send our martialist patients to Hawaii, Philippines, or Taiwan for further treatments.
But that doesn't guarantee all patients have eligibility to receive treatment, especially
if your health case has less chance of making it out alive.
In other cases, martialists migrate to the US to seek medical assistance with families
abroad, living abroad.
Next slide, please.
Oh, that's just to give you like a visual of what our Maduro Hospital look like.
Those are the two main hospitals.
That one is Maduro Hospital over there on the top left, and then that's Ibai Hospital
bottom.
Next slide, please.
Now each year when we commemorate nuclear victims and survivors, remember in State
and the Marshall Islands, we always have a theme.
And this year's theme is Kurtabalak, which can be literally translated as point of no
return.
However, it has a deeper cultural meaning that sums up how we perceive our nuclear legacy
and is a reminder of the much needed work that requires all of us to do in order to
bring nuclear justice to our people and our environment.
Kurtabalak is three words put together to make the word Kurtabalak.
When I was reflecting on this theme when it came out, this is how I make sense of it.
Kurt means to call out, tab means wood shavings from carving of canoes, and la means, you
know, it implies looking ahead.
So each wood shaving represents people.
And as one of my elders shared with me, can also symbolize the creative ideas and solutions
that we can use to move toward a peaceful future without nuclear weapons.
And the idea of point of no return is meant to be there, because it implies that we already
know what nuclear weapons can do to humanity.
In our case in the Marshall Islands, we have lived through it.
And we have fought to stop it even before it began.
And we continue to voice the issue of nuclear testings to this day.
There is no point of stopping right now.
We must continue ahead until we receive the justice that we deserve.
Next slide, please.
Why is all of this important to me?
The simple answer I can give is that the Marshall Island is home to many of us here.
It is our place of belonging and we feel the most alive here.
We are a proud matrilineal society, which means that our lands are passed on through
our mothers lineages.
Like our mothers, our lands provide everything that we need, the same with the ocean.
And our livelihood is always dependent on the resources of both land and water.
I want to say, I want to say, and by saying, and carry on with the work that we are doing
to end all nuclear weapons.
For you, for me, for Revsnets family, and for each of the spirit will continue to be
with us as we continue our work toward a nuclear free world.
Thank you.
Thank you for bringing that spirit to us and sharing these stories.
Arjun, you ready to go?
Yeah, thank you.
I'm going to share my screen.
I'm going to give you a little survey of the tests and a little bit of the data around
those tests.
There were six tests in the CASEL series.
Bravo was the first.
It's on March 1, but it's listed in the Department of Energy list as the 8th of February.
The total power of these tests was 46,000 kiloton.
Yeah.
Arjun, apologies to interrupt.
Do you want to make your slide full screen?
Oh, yeah.
Okay.
I'll make it full screen.
About 46 times the total of all the atmospheric tests that were conducted.
That's just this test series.
Bravo was the largest.
Sorry, it's a little bit misplaced.
These yields should...
I'm sorry.
I'll have to fix.
I didn't notice that.
I'm sorry.
Bravo, it should be all shifted up by one.
I'll fix the slides and send them.
I apologize, but the totals are correct.
There were some other very big tests, 11 megatons, 7 megatons, nearly more than 13 megatons.
This is one picture of the Bravo test, I think.
Rosenet already showed something close to this.
I want to show you some fallout maps that were made.
Now this is decay corrected.
This doesn't represent the actual fallout at the time of the test, but doesn't include
like iodine-131, which causes all the thyroid problems, because this is corrected to what
it remains 100 days after the test, and almost no iodine-131 remains 100 days after the test.
I'm going to blow it up a little.
This is from the Bravo test alone.
Here the inner circle you see, this is in disintegrations per minute per square foot
of land.
Of course, all of these are hundreds of square miles, and so you've got millions of square
feet.
But the inner circle number is the fallout around the Marshall Islands.
You see that as 50,000.
I will go here.
This is Mexico City around here, 8150.
They had fallout measuring stations throughout the world.
These are data from those stations compiled in 1955 in a report by, I think it was the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
I'm not sure.
The reference is there for you.
This is the cumulative fallout from the whole test series.
I'm going to show you a different version of this.
I'll show you the same thing.
If you look at around the Marshall Islands, the total fallout decay corrected to about
130 days after the test was about five times the total.
Bravo had the worst impact in terms of the fallout on people.
Rongelap especially is very well known for that.
But the total fallout was much greater in the whole of the Marshall Islands.
The long-term fallout was about five times from the Bravo test alone.
I'll show you a different version of this.
This is Mexico City.
The cumulative fallout in Mexico City, 52,973 from the whole test series was about the same
as this 50,000 around the Marshall Islands from the Bravo test alone.
This is as far as Mexico City on this side.
I'll show you another city in another map.
We made a map of this, an interactive map of this.
I want to go to the interactive map so I can show you the names of the cities.
Can you see this?
Can you see this Mexico City?
No, it's just showing the PowerPoint slides still.
You might have to stop sharing and start again.
I can see it.
You can see the answer.
I'll stop sharing and then start sharing again.
I do want...
Bear with me.
Can you see this now?
Oh, yeah.
Mexico City.
This map was put together by a colleague of mine, Eunice Tinkabuala, from the maps from
the 1955 report.
We tried to make it color, put the names of the cities.
It's not complete yet.
This is a work in progress.
It shows...
The Marshall Islands is here.
You can see a vast area of the ocean around the Marshall Islands was contaminated.
You heard that the US only recognizes four atolls, but you can see there was intense
fallout in a huge area of the ocean all around the Marshall Islands.
There were hot spots in Mexico City on this side.
There was another hot spot all the way westward to Colombo, Sri Lanka.
There was a fair amount of...
I think Fiji is somewhere around here.
So you can see there was not a non-negligible amount of fallout in Albuquerque, in Tucson,
Arizona.
So the CASEL test series produced a vast global fallout.
This map has never been analyzed for health impact, but I want to tell you that the US
has had this map since 1955 and has yet still not admitted that the entire Marshall Islands
was impacted, which I think is a huge issue.
Now I'll continue with my slides.
You've seen that.
So this is the fallout from the Bravo test.
These are rats, cumulative fallout, 3,000.
These are lethal levels of radiation, 3,000, 1,900, 1,300, 400 rats without medical treatment
will kill about half the people.
This is around the lap here.
I'm sorry.
But you can see that all of these atolls were affected.
I will show you that.
So I want to say something about the location of the test site.
They said it was remote.
But this should not be accepted at face value.
After the Trinity test in New Mexico on July 16, Stafford Warren conducted a radiological
survey and found severe fallout in many places, including days after the test.
And he advised that was a 25 kiloton test.
We're talking about the Castle series at 46,000 kilotons.
And he said if you, and a single test, of course, 15,000 kilotons.
And he said, if you're going to do a similar test, that is about 25 kilotons, there should
be no one within 150 miles of human, no human habitation within 150 miles.
That was violated in Nevada, and that was violated in the Marshall Islands.
And not only that, the people of Rangalap, as you know, were not evacuated for two and
a half days, and they suffered very severe levels of radiation.
The meteorological conditions and other conditions for testing were known in advance to not be
suitable.
So a quote from the official document before the first test was done at Bikini in 1946
is Marshall Islands did not quote in the main, unquote, meet the criteria for a suitable
site.
And after the 1948 test series, they said, which was all the tests, three, I think, were
at Eniwetok, they said the conditions were far from satisfactory.
But of course, the test continued for another day, including the Cassel flu.
I want to give you some numbers, and please focus on these numbers.
So 1997, the National Cancer Institute published a large report with many maps, and I can show
you the map, you know, during the question and answer, I don't want to talk for too long,
I'm going to end very soon.
But fallout from the Nevada test site testing, atmospheric testing, the most severe doses
were to the thyroid because of iodine 131.
It comes down in the rain, falls down the grass, cattle and sheep grazing, and when
you drink the milk or eat the meat, especially drink the milk, not so much the meat, you
get iodine 131, which has a half-life of eight days, which means it's gone in about three
months.
The most severely contaminated places where people got the highest doses were generally
in rural areas because people are drinking fresh milk.
And they were four of the five most exposed counties where the highest average doses were
in Idaho.
So far as I know, I'm the only outside scientist who has gone to these counties to explain
the results of the National Cancer Institute study, the National Academies did one meeting,
but they did it in Boise, Idaho, the capital of Idaho, which is not in any of these counties.
And there was one in Montana.
I have not been to there.
So the average in these highest exposed was 120 to 160 milligram.
So the low exposure atolls, now this is according to the National Cancer Institute.
So this is an official study from 2004, the low exposure Southern atolls, not the lowest
exposure what they call, but the low exposure Southern atolls, 270 milligrams.
So roughly double the highest exposures in the United States to the thyroid age weighted
in the Marshall Islands.
Higher exposure Northern atolls, higher exposure, my term, but obvious from about 10 times that
of the low exposure.
And so we're talking about 20 times the highest exposure in the United States to the thyroid.
And these are average over areas.
Utrecht about a hundred times, Rondelap about 600 times.
And these are official dose estimates.
My friend, Ben Frankie and many others, several others.
My friend Hans Beiling has done independent dose estimates.
Their dose estimates to the thyroid are many times higher than this.
So we're talking about independent dose estimates that are thousands of times higher than the
highest dose estimates in the United States, thousands of times in the case of Rondelap
and hundreds of times in the case of Utrecht and dozens of times in the case of the other
area.
Anyone looking at this, so other radionuclides of iodine goes along with all the other radionuclides
that goes away faster.
They persist.
This means this is absolute proof from the National Cancer Institute, along with the
maps that I have shown you.
This was my primary purpose today is to absolutely demonstrate to you that by US government data
from 1955 till today, well, it was 54 data compiled in 1955 and published in 1955 till
today that there should have been no doubt that the entire Marshall Islands was impacted
and not only the entire Marshall Islands, but a very significant part of the globe with
hotspots as far east as Mexico City and as far west.
Now we're talking east and west of the Marshall Islands, of course.
I want to end by saying a couple of more general things.
The Bravo test, of course, contaminated the Lucky Dragon, the number five, the fishing
boat, and that became a very big scandal.
It also did arouse global calls for ending testing.
I think it had a major role in the test moratorium from 58 to 61 or two, 61, I think.
It also raised calls for nuclear disarmament.
We don't have that yet.
And that's what a lot of this fight is about.
I wanted to say a couple of things about health.
Thyroid doses, thyroid affects everything.
Just a simple Google, I'm not a doctor.
Tillman is on and maybe he will say something about the role of the thyroid, but it impacts
everything.
It impacts whether you put on weight.
It impacts whether you lose weight, whether you have too much or too little of the thyroid
hormone.
It impacts how you grow.
It impacts your nervous system.
It impacts everything.
It impacts the parathyroid.
It impacts how much calcium you have in your blood.
And that's just the thyroid.
And I want to, you know, you've talked about the grandmothers.
And I want to end on this note, and I hope we'll publish a report soon on intergenerational,
multigenerational impacts.
But one of the things that has been most ignored or neglected in radiation research has been
what we inherit from our mothers and maybe the Marshall Islanders being a matrilineal
society will put this issue on the map as well.
You have, I am sure, multigenerational impacts based on the doses and the research that is
very clear from the data from Hiroshima and Nagasaki onward.
But the part of our DNA that we don't talk about a whole lot, the mitochondria, which
is the energy system of our body, is inherited only from our mothers.
The mitochondria and the sperm, but it's stripped out at the time of fertilization.
So the mitochondria we have all come from our mothers.
There are hundreds of mitochondria or thousands in each cell.
And they're much more easily damaged by radiation.
And of course, it's our maternal inheritance from the ova that are made.
So let me, we have some young people here.
I'm so happy to be on with you, Rosenet and Danity.
I sometimes ask people, I won't ask you, when I talk how old they are, and they tell me
their age, 25, 30, 35, whatever.
And I tell them that that's only partly correct.
That part of us is as old as our mothers, because the egg from which we were made was
made in our mothers when they were in their mother's womb.
So that idea, I hope that you as women from a matrilineal society will make the world
conscious of it.
And I hope we can make progress in nuclear justice and getting rid of nuclear weapons,
because they've been around for too long, far too long.
Thank you very much.
Thank you.
Thank you so much, Arjun, Danity, and Rosenet.
This has been a really incredible hour.
We have a few minutes left.
I don't see any questions in the chat, but if you want to pop some in there.
Just to be sure and tell you, this webinar will be recorded and posted on the ICANN Australian
YouTube channel.
So it'll be available.
I know that some of the young people and student groups and others will be utilizing this in
the Marshall Islands over the next month as they really commemorate this date.
I learned so much.
So are there any questions?
I think there's a hand raising function or pop them in the chat.
Be sure to visit Arjun's website.
There's a lot of resources there in his books.
And again, this is a first of a series from the Nuclear Truth Project that we will be
continuing on with these webinars and continuing to educate ourselves and lift up these voices
that we just don't hear these stories.
It's a lot.
And thank you, Rosenet and Danity, especially for your personal stories, for your personal
photos and sharing your families and your lives with us.
Sorry, I always get so emotional, but that's okay.
That's what we're here for, is to feel each other and to inspire each other to keep working
and to keep carrying on.
We will send out a link.
I think we'll have all your email addresses to send a link to the ICANN Australia YouTube
channel.
I don't see anything really specific.
We have Arjun's website in the chat.
Lots of thanks all around.
And just, oh, thank you so much to all of you speakers.
And please help me.
Join me in a big thanks to Jess Bolan and Jim Romo from ICANN Australia, our invaluable
partners providing the technical assistance for this webinar.
We send deep gratitude to our friends at MISA for the Pacific, the Pacific Conference of
Churches and ICANN Australia for joining us in co-sponsoring this event.
The funding is coming through a grant provided by the Equity Rises portfolio of the Plough
Shores, Plough Shares Fund.
This content is not necessarily endorsed by the agency.
You can visit our website at nucleartruthproject.com for more information, resources, and most
importantly, there are protocols for engaging affected communities and peoples.
These protocols are in community consultations right now, but look for an upcoming webinar
as we detail this really important work out in how we do our work together and how we
respect each other and our stories.
Okay, I'm losing it.
Somebody want to take, I see a hand up.
Jan, we're really at time, but we do have one minute.
So go for it.
I wanted to ask if Arjun could please comment on the connection between nuclear power, that
is the nuclear power reactors and nuclear weapons, the nuclear power reactors that are
created for electricity and other purposes.
Well, it's a complicated question.
I'll try to give you a one minute answer, which is the basics of the technologies are
the same.
The bombs depend on fission, nuclear power depends on fission.
You're splitting uranium atoms or plutonium atoms nuclei, and you get highly radioactive
fission products.
We still don't know what to do with the plutonium from all the surplus bombs and from all the
waste from the nuclear power plants.
There are some differences in that the fission in the bombs happens all at once.
And the fission powers has to be controlled to produce electricity.
But they all generate waste.
The most ubiquitous pollutant they both generate is tritium, which is radioactive hydrogen.
It becomes water.
It has polluted everything, is the most common pollutant from nuclear power plants.
It is discharged into rivers and lakes and the oceans and winds up many people's drinking
water supplies.
That has also happened with nuclear weapons.
In Savannah Riverside, they have tritium in the ponds there from tritium production and
plutonium production.
It evaporates the water from the ponds and it rains down radioactive rain on the other
side of the river.
Many people's wells are contaminated.
That also happens near nuclear power plants where tritium leaks and then it contaminates
people's wells.
So there are many different connections.
The political connection is this.
I think nuclear weapons became illegitimate as an enterprise in December 1944 when the
Manhattan Project found out that the Germans don't have a viable bomb.
From that time on, I think the justification for the project was over.
The famous physicist Richard Feynman has said this also.
He was there in Los Alamos.
In different words.
Nuclear power also similarly was born out of a sort of a self-deception.
Eisenhower didn't want to talk about the horror of thermonuclear weapons alone in 1953 after
the Soviet thermonuclear test in September 1953.
He told his speech writers that he didn't want a gloom and doom speech alone.
Give me something good to say.
Those are my words.
But that was the message they got.
So the message they gave him was atoms for peace.
Atoms for peace is a fig leaf on the horror of thermonuclear weapons.
That was how atoms for peace speech was constructed.
At that time, it was known that nuclear power would be much more expensive than coal-fired
power.
Even though the chairman of the AEC said it would one day be too cheap to meter, every
single official study done said it would be more expensive.
Every single one that I've ever seen and I've made an effort to find them all.
So there's a kind of continuity to the layers of deception, cover up, withholding the truth.
Just like saying only four atolls were really affected when the data from 1954 onward till
today is very, very, very clear, at least in my opinion.
I'd be happy to debate this.
And so the biggest problem with these two things, in my opinion, are not that the most
anti-democratic instruments, either for energy or military purposes, invented by humans.
That's what unites them both, most powerful.
That sounds like a big question for another webinar and all these things are tied together.
Sorry, I took four minutes.
No, that's okay.
I took four minutes.
Sorry.
Two and four minutes is pretty darn good, Arjun.
And always explains to me things in a capsule.
So thanks for your questions.
We do have the link to the YouTube channel in chat.
Again, thank you, technology, all your support here.
So we just want to thank everyone for joining us.
We'll put you on our mailing list and we'll be sending out, we'll be doing more of these
webinars and getting us together and carrying on.
Pam, could I say how happy I have been to share this platform with Danity and Rosie?
Thank you for doing that, making it possible for this old guy to be on the platform with
it.
I really am very honored and appreciate it.
So very honored to share my story with you all today.
Thank you.
Edit
Pub: 28 Feb 2023 04:48 UTC
Edit: 04 Mar 2023 06:35 UTC
Views: 107