Proto Altaic > Mongolic

Proto Altaic Consonants

Proto Altaic > Proto Mongolic

Here we must suppose the following sequence of events:

• A. Loss of *š
  • 1. *š- > *č῾- before back vowels
  • 2. *š > *s elsewhere
• B. Loss of *p῾
  • 3. *p῾- > *h
• C. Deaffricatization of *č
  • 4. *č- > *t
• D. Transformation of resonants
  • 5a. *ń- > *ǯ-, *ĺ- > *d
  • 5b. *ŋ- > *0-, *n-, *g- (depending on the following vowel)
    • a) *j- in several cases before original diphthongs
    • b) *g- in front of -u-
    • c) *0- in front of -ö-, -ü-
    • d) *n- in all other cases
  • 5c. *-ŕ- > *-r-, *-ĺ- > -l-, *-ń- > -n- or -j- [the latter with still unclear distribution]
• E. Loss of *z
  • 6. *z- > *s
• F. Palatalization of dentals before *i
  • 7. *t῾ > *č῾, *t > *č, *d > *ǯ
• G. Fricativization of *-b-, *-g-, *-ŋ
  • 8a. *-b- > *-w- [except for positions in clusters and before *k, *g]
  • 8b. *-g- > *-h- [except for positions in clusters and before *g]
  • 8c. *-ŋ- > *-h- [except for positions in clusters where it stays as *-ŋg-; after *n- where *-ŋ- > -g-; and before *b, *g where *-ŋ- > *-m-]
• H. Intervocalic Lautverschiebung
  • 9. *-p- > *-b-, *-t- > *-d-, *-k- > *-g- [but not *-č- > *-ǯ-!]
  • 10. *-p῾- > *-p-, *-t῾- > *-t-, *-k῾- > *-k-, *-č῾- > *-č
• I. Accent transformation of *p
  • 11. *p῾ > (*fV) > *hV
• J. Initial Lautverschiebung
  • 12. *p-, *t- > *b-, *d
  • 13. *t῾-, *k῾-, *č῾- > *t-, *k-, *č

p῾

*p῾- > *h
*-p῾- > *-p-
*p῾ > (*fV) > *hV

p

*-p- > *-b-
*p- > *b-

b

*b- > *b-
*-b- > *-w- [except for positions in clusters and before *k, *g]

m

t῾

*t῾ > *č῾/_i
*-t῾- > *-t-
*t῾- > *t-
*-t῾ > *-d

t

*t > *č/_i
*-t- > *-d-
*t- > *d-

d

*d > *ǯ/_i

n

s

z

*z- > *s

r

l

č῾

*-č῾- > *-č
*č῾- > *č

č

*č- > *t

ǯ

ń

*ń- > *ǯ-
*-ń- > -n- or -j-

š

*š- > *č῾- before back vowels
*š > *s elsewhere

j

ŕ

*-ŕ- > *-r-

ĺ

*ĺ- > *d
*-ĺ- > -l-

k῾

*-k῾- > *-k-
*k῾- > *k-

k

*-k- > *-g-

g

*-g- > *-h- [except for positions in clusters and before *g]

ŋ

*ŋ- > *j- in several cases before original diphthongs
*ŋ- > *g- in front of -u-
*ŋ- > *0- in front of -ö-, -ü-
*ŋ- > *n- in all other cases
*-ŋ- > *-g- after n- (rule established by I. Gruntov)
*-ŋ- > *-m- before the following -ɣ- and *-b-
*-ŋ- > *-ŋg- in a few cases before the following -ir-, -ur-, -ul-

consonants cluster