# = comments = communication
# print("Hello world!") does not run
""" as comments with many lines as long as the string of text is not being assigned to a variable
multi-line
comments
"""
# Complete Commands with New Lines
# 1. Command
# 2. Command
# and not
# 1. Command 2. Command
# Relies on Indentation (Whitespace) with Continuous Commands
# 1. this
# 2. is
# 3. continuous
# 1. this
# 1. is not
# 1. continuous
# Order = Up to Down, Left to Right
# Order of Operations = PEMDAS
# () = Parentheses
# ** = Exponentiation
# * = Multiplication
# % = Modulus
# / = Division
# + = Addition
# - = Substraction
# Comparator Operators
# == = equal to
# >= = greater than equal to
# <= = less than equal to
# Assignment Operators
# += =
# -= =
# *= =
# %= =
# When it comes to order, computers count from 0.
# A = 0
# B = 1
# C = 2
# print() Function
# prints a message onto the screen
# Variables
# print(X) # error
X = "Hello"
x = 2
XX = 3.1415
xx = True
print(X) # Hello
print(x) # 2
print(XX) # 3.1415
print(xx) # True
# Data Types
# String =
# str('')
# str("")
# str("""
#
# """")
print('break\nlines')
print("\"special characters\"")
# int() = Integer
print(x) # 2
print(-x) # -2
# float() = Float
print(XX) # 3.1415
# bool() = Boolean
print(bool(x == 4)) # 2 is 4 # false
print(bool(x > 4)) # 2 is more than 4 # false
print(bool(x < 4)) # 2 is less than 4 # true
print(bool(X)) # strings are true # true
print(bool(x)) # numbers are true # true
print(bool(True)) # true
print(bool(False)) # false
print(bool(None)) # false
print(bool(0)) # false
print(bool("")) # false
print(bool(())) # false
print(bool([])) # false
print(bool({})) # false
# Casting = Changing Data Type after Specifying it
print(str(x)) # 2 # no value, pure text
print(str(xx)) # True # no value, pure text
print(int(XX)) # 3
print(float(x)) # 2.0
print(int(float(3.999))) # 3 # float value is lost
# Concatenation
print(X + " world!") # Hello world!
print(X + " " + X + "!") # Hello! Hello!
print(x + XX) # 5.1415
# print(X + x) # error # different types
# Sequences = Collections of Data
# List = []
List = ["A", "B", "C", "C"]
# [index] = Identify Elements in Lists
# Strings are Lists of Characters
print(X[1]) # what is in 2? # e
print(List[0]) # what is in 0? # A
# also applicable to Tuples & Dictionaries
# Tuple = ()
# Ordered & Unchangeable
Tuple = ("A", "B", "C", "C")
Tuple_Single = ("A",) # comma in the end
# Lists & Tuples: Index of Elements
# A first 0
# B second 1
# C third 2
# C fourth 3
# Dictionaries
# Ordered after Python 3.7, Changeable, No Duplicates
Dictionary = {
"Key": "value",
"A": "a",
"B": "b",
"C": "c",
}
print(Dictionary["Key"]) # value
# Sets = {}
# Unordered, Unindexed, No Duplicates.
Set = {"A", "B", "C"}
print(Set)
# Functions = function(paremeter)
def function(argument, argument2):
argument += argument2
return argument
print(function(2, 3)) # 5
# print(function(2)) # error # must follow paremeter
# built-inX
print(X.index("l")) # index of "l"? # 2
print(X.index("o")) # index of "o"? # 4
# print(X.index("z")) # index of "z"? # error
print(X.upper()) # turn uppercase # HELLO
print(X.isupper()) # uppercase? # false
print(X.upper().isupper()) # turn uppercase, uppercase? # true
print(X.replace("llo", "aven")) # replace "llo" with "aven" # Heaven
# len() = Output Amount of Elements
print(len(X)) # 5
print(len(List)) # 4
print(len(Tuple)) # 4
print(len(Tuple_Single)) # 1
print(len(Dictionary)) # 4
print(len(Set)) # 3
# type() = Identify Data Type
print(type(X)) # str
print(type(x)) # int
print(type(XX)) # float
print(type(xx)) # bool
print(type("True")) # str
print(type(True)) # bool
# Importing
# you can access more by importing packages
from math import *
# importing math
print(abs(-x)) # absolute number? # 2
print(pow(x, 3)) # 2^3 # 8.0
print(max(x, 3)) # which is more? # 3
print(min(x, 3)) # which is less? # 2
print(round(3.999)) # round # 4
print(floor(3.999)) # round to minimum # 3
print(ceil(3.999)) # round to maximum # 4
print(sqrt(8)) # square root # 2
# Classes
class MyClass():
FF = 100
F8 = 200
ew = MyClass()
print(ew.FF) # 100
print(ew.F8) # 200
# Conditional Statements
# if, elif, else
if x > 2: # 2 is 2!
print(str(x) + " is more than 2!")
elif x == 2:
print(str(x) + " is 2!")
else:
print(str(x) + " is less than 2!")
# if x is more than 2
# print "x is more than 2"
# else, if x is 2
# print "x is 2"
# else
# print "x is less than 2"
# while
while x < 10:
x += 1
print (x)
if x == 5:
break
# add 1 to x until x is above 10 BUT if x == 5, break
# 3
# 4
# 5
# For Loops = Sequence Iteratation
# Lists have Items
for Items in List:
print(Items) # A
# B
# C
# C
# Strings have Character Sequences
for Characters in X:
print(Characters)
if Characters == "l":
break
# H
# e
# l