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Evolution Korea

South Korea's democratic system is prone to populist tendencies. It is still healthier than was expected.

The country is looking for a new paradigm of development. A Confucian culture that values respect for ancestors and gendered family relations continues influence the society. There are signs that a secular culture is gaining ground.

Origins

In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans lived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock and made furs. They also established tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry for metalworking, which produced bronze tools and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon paper making block printing, art styles and writing to Japan.

In 2333 BCE Gojoseon came into existence in the southern part of the peninsula. This state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. During this time, the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state where the monarch and other senior officials were from the aristocracy of the land, while the rest of the population were peasants. The state imposed taxes on these citizens, and sometimes required them to fight in the army or work on projects for the government like building fortifications.

By the end of the period, the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje included elements of Confucian beliefs into its official belief system and made the male-centric filiopiety idea an official doctrine in 1390 CE. Under the guise filiopiety, fathers were responsible to their families. They had to be obeyed by all and admired by even their children and grandchildren.

Goryeo, which would rule from 918 to 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth during pronunciation. This dramatically improved the communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.

Evolution in Korea

The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence of human settlements are evident in the form stone-lined cist graves with precious goods such as amazonite jewellery being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures known as dolmens, constructed from enormous single stones, are also prevalent throughout the country.

Gojoseon was the first political state to be recognized during the first half of 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was later ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern portion of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not consider to be a genuine Korean state.

After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states arose in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje, the most powerful of these states, was weakened by the Goguryeo's fall (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern regions in Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a while.

The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to work together to expand their territory. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.

As Korea enters a post-crisis phase the way it develops appears to be in flux. Those who are appalled by the enormous cost of the old system would prefer an extensive program of liberalization of capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand, supporters of the old system try to protect it by promoting nationalist sentiments and by inflating fears about potential job losses.

Analysts and academics are divided about the extent to which Korea's growth is influenced by these two trends. This article examines developments to date, by looking at five phases of the country's political evolution including illiberal democracy (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and participatory democracy (2002 to present). This article also identifies important factors that appear to influence these processes.

Creationism in Korea

In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their views to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly a third of respondents were against evolution. Of those who voted, 41% said that there was not enough scientific evidence to support evolution 39% of respondents said that the theory did not align with their beliefs and 17% claimed it was difficult to grasp. This level of doubt is similar to the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from earlier species of life.

In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea focused primarily on educating students and bringing Christ to them. A significant increase in the interest in creation science occurred in 1980, with an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. The event was attended by a large number of church leaders and scientists.

The event's success led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st in 1980. The inaugural meeting was widely covered in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also attracted a lot of attention.

KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, in which it covered its activities and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of slides and film strips from ICR and also some books on creationism that were already published outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the nation in universities and churches.

One example of a KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, there were enough students interested in the idea of creationism that they raised enough money and support needed to build an on-campus museum showing creationist models of fossils and other exhibits.

In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine, CREATION, which covers topics in creation science. It also sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It has also created a network of local branch offices that offer talks and seminars to children and other community groups.

The evolution of South Korea

In the late 19th century and into the early the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other fashion elements from overseas. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. During this period, the famous samulnori or masked dancing-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and various types of musical instruments.

The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new paradigm of development. The main challenge for the new regime is to find the right balance between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also involves altering incentives, monitoring, or discipline schemes that have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.

The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other regions, as well as people from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. 에볼루션코리아 was in constant conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanders on the border.

The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and held control over a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He became an adversary to Goguryeo.


His rule was however short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935, and then united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla, later incorporated Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was later under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually developed into powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.

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Pub: 24 Dec 2024 19:38 UTC
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