中原メソッド実践編 無名シベリア言語
古シベリア諸語としてen.wpに挙げられてる9言語
- Proto-Yeniseian
- Proto-Uralic
- Proto-Eskimo
- Proto-Yukaghir
- Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan
- Proto-Nivkh
- Proto-Korean
- Proto-Ainu
- Proto-Japanese
をもとに、なんだかそれっぽいシベリアの言語を作るのがゴール
音声
母音
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i/ü | ɨ | ï/u |
| Mid | e | ë/o | |
| Open | ä | a | |
| reduced | ə |
| i | ü | ɨ | ï | u | e | ë | o | ä | a | ə | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| front | + | + | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | - | - |
| raised | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | - | - |
| retracted | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | - |
| round | - | + | - | - | + | - | - | + | - | + | - |
子音
[+/- son] : 共鳴音(流音、渡り音、鼻音)/阻害音(破裂音、摩擦音、破裂音)
[+/- voice]
[+/- cont] : 摩擦音、流音、渡り音/停止音(破裂音、破擦音、鼻音)
[+/- nas] : 鼻音/それ以外
[+/- lat] : 側面音/それ以外
[+/- del rel] : 破擦音/それ以外
[+/- trill]
[+/- round]
[+/- high] : 口蓋化/非口蓋化
place: labial/alveolar/velar/uvular
語彙
以下の32語が挙げられている。
やっていきましょう。
- 子音では[son][voice][cont][nas][lat][del rel][trill][round][high][labial, alveolar, velar, uvular]
- 母音では[front][raised][retracted][round]
の各項目に係数をつけていき、
1/3未満なら(-)
1/3～2/3なら(+-)
2/3より大きければ(+)
音素自体も採用の可否は同じ基準
https://rentry.co/m62kk
head
| Proto-Yeniseian | cɨʔɢ-; kəŕga- |
| Proto-Uralic | *ojwa |
| Proto-Eskimo | *nay(ə)quʀ |
| Proto-Yukaghir | *joː |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | C *læwət |
| Proto-Nivkh | *d’oŋkr |
| Proto-Korean | *matuy |
| Proto-Ainu | pa; sa |
| Proto-Japanese | tumu-; kàsìrà |
| c | ɨ | ʔ | ɢ | |||
| k | ə | ŕ | g | a | ||
| o | j | w | a | |||
| n | a | y | q | u | ʀ | |
| j | oː | |||||
| l | æ | w | ə | t | ||
| d’ | o | ŋ | k | r | ||
| m | a | t | u | y | ||
| p | a | |||||
| s | a | |||||
| t | u | m | u | |||
| k | à | s | ì | r | à |
9/12[3/9 son][3/9 voice][2/9 cont][2/9 nas][1/9 lat][0 del rel][0 trill][0 round][2/9 high][1/9 labial, 6/9alveolar, 2/9velar, 0 uvular]
→[tdn]
10/12[2/10 front][4/10 raised][6/10 retracted][3/10 round]
→[ïëaə]
7/12[5/7 son][5/7 voice][6/7 cont][1/7 nas][0 lat][0 del rel][1/7 trill][0 round][4/7 high][0 labial, 5/7 alveolar, 1/7 velar, 1/7 uvular]
→j?
9/12[2/9 son][5/9 voice][3/9 cont][1/9 nas][0 lat][0 del rel][0 trill][2/9 round][0 high][4/9 labial, 1/9 alveolar, 2/9 velar, 2/9 uvular]
→[pbfv]
9/12[1/9 front][5/9 raised][4/9 retracted][4/9 round]
→[ïuëoaə]
5/12[4/5 son][4/5 voice][4/5 cont][0 nas][0 lat][0 del rel][3/5 trill][0 round][1/5 high][0 labial, 4/5 alveolar, 0 velar, 1/5 uvular]
→[jr]?
1/12→∅
[tdn][ïëaə]j?[pbfv][ïuëoaə][jr]?
例:tajpar
hair
| Proto-Yeniseian | *cəŋe |
| Proto-Uralic | *apte |
| Proto-Eskimo | *nuyaʀ |
| Proto-Yukaghir | manilə/monilə |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | C *kəðwir |
| Proto-Nivkh | *ŋamrki |
| Proto-Korean | *kar(ák); tǝrǝk |
| Proto-Ainu | *numa |
| Proto-Japanese | *ká-Ci |
| c | ə | ŋ | e | ||||
| a | p | t | e | ||||
| n | u | y | a | ʀ | |||
| m | a | n | i | l | ə | ||
| m | o | n | i | l | ə | ||
| k | ə | ð | w | i | r | ||
| ŋ | a | m | r | k | i | ||
| k | a | r | á | k | |||
| t | ǝ | r | ǝ | k | |||
| n | u | m | a | ||||
| k | á | C | i |
10/11[5/10 son][5/10 voice][10/10 cont][5/10 nas][0 lat][0 del rel][0 trill][0 round][1/10 high][2/10 labial, 4/10 alveolar, 4/10 velar, 0 uvular]
→[ntdŋkg]
11/11[0 front][3/11 raised][6/11 retracted][3/11 round]
→[ëaə]
8/11[6/8 son][7/8 voice][2/8 cont][5/8 nas][0 lat][0 del rel][0 trill][0 round][1/8 high][3/8 labial, 4/8 alveolar, 1/8 velar, 0 uvular]
→[mn]
6/11[4/5 son][4/5 voice][4/5 cont][0 nas][0 lat][0 del rel][3/5 trill][1/5 round][0 high][1/5 labial, 4/5 alveolar, 0 velar, 0 uvular]
→[dr]?
1/11→∅
11/11[7/11 front][0 raised][3/11 retracted][0 round]
→[ieə]
6/11[4/6 son][4/6 voice][4/6 cont][0 nas][2/6 lat][0 del rel][2/6 trill][0 round][0 high][0 labial, 3/6 alveolar, 3/6 velar, 0 uvular]
→[tdlrkgʀ]?
2/11→∅
→[ntdŋkg][ëaə][mn][dr]?[ieə][tdlrkgʀ]?
例:nëmriʀ
eye
| Proto-Yeniseian | *de-s |
| Proto-Uralic | *śilmä |
| Proto-Eskimo | *əðə |
| Proto-Yukaghir | waŋ-/woŋ-; *jöː- |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *ləlæ |
| Proto-Nivkh | *n’(ə)ŋaɣ |
| Proto-Korean | *nún |
| Proto-Ainu | sik; nuu |
| Proto-Japanese | *mà-n |
| d | e | s | |||
| ś | i | l | m | ä | |
| ə | ð | ə | |||
| w | a | ŋ | |||
| w | o | ŋ | |||
| j | ö | ||||
| l | ə | l | æ | ||
| n’ | ə | ŋ | a | ɣ | |
| n | ú | n | |||
| s | i | k | |||
| n | u | ||||
| m | à | n |
11/12[8/11 son][9/11 voice][6/11 cont][4/11 nas][1/11 lat][0 del rel][0 trill][2/11 round][3/11 high][3/11 labial, 8/11 alveolar, 0 velar, 0 uvular]
→n
12/12[4/12 front][4/12 raised][4/12 retracted][4/12 round]
→V
4/12[2/4 son][3/4 voice][4/4 cont][0 nas][2/4 lat][0 del rel][0 trill][0 round][0 high][0 labial, 4/4 alveolar, 0 velar, 0 uvular]
→[zl]?
7/12[0 son][6/7 voice][6/7 cont][6/7 nas][0 lat][0 del rel][0 trill][0 round][0 high][1/7 labial, 2/7 alveolar, 4/7 velar, 0 uvular]
→ŋ
4/12[2/4 front][0 raised][3/4 retracted][0 round]
→[äa]?
1/12→∅
→nV[zl]?ŋ[äa]?
例:nalŋa
ear
| Proto-Yeniseian | ʔɔqtʌ ~ ʔɔgde |
| Proto-Uralic | *peljä |
| Proto-Eskimo | *ciɣun |
| Proto-Yukaghir | *unemə |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *vilu |
| Proto-Nivkh | mla; nor |
| Proto-Korean | *kúj |
| Proto-Ainu | *kisAr |
| Proto-Japanese | *mìmì |
| ʔ | ɔ | q | t | ʌ | |||
| ʔ | ɔ | g | d | e | |||
| p | e | l | j | ä | |||
| c | i | ɣ | u | n | |||
| u | n | e | m | ə | |||
| v | i | l | u | ||||
| m | l | a | |||||
| n | o | r | |||||
| k | ú | j | |||||
| k | i | s | A | r | |||
| m | ì | m | ì |
8/11[2/8 son][3/8 voice][1/8 cont][2/8 nas][0 lat][0 del rel][0 trill][0 round][1/8 high][4/8 labial, 1/8 alveolar, 1/8 velar, 2/8 uvular]
→[pb]
1/11→∅
9/11[5/9 front][3/9 raised][3/9 retracted][3/9 round]
→V
5/11[1/5 son][3/5 voice][2/5 cont][0 nas][1/5 lat][0 del rel][0 trill][0 round][0 high][0 labial, 1/5 alveolar, 3/5 velar, 1/5 uvular]
→[kgxɣ]?
8/11[5/8 son][6/8 voice][3/8 cont][3/8 nas][1/8 lat][0 del rel][0 trill][0 round][1/8 high][1/8 labial, 7/8 alveolar, 0 velar, 0 uvular]
→[dzn]
10/11[4/9 front][4/9 raised][3/9 retracted][4/9round]
→V
5/11[5/5 son][5/5 voice][3/5 cont][2/5 nas][0 lat][0 del rel][2/5 trill][0 round][1/5 high][1/5 labial, 4/5 alveolar, 0 velar, 0 uvular]
→[nr]?
1/11→∅
→[pb]V[kgxɣ]?[dzn]V[nr]?
例:piɣnir
nose
| Proto-Yeniseian | ʔolk-; xaŋ |
| Proto-Uralic | nere (nēre) |
| Proto-Eskimo | *qəqaʀ |
| Proto-Yukaghir | *jöː- |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | qiN(qiN); C jeqa |
| Proto-Nivkh | *wiɣ |
| Proto-Korean | *kóh |
| Proto-Ainu | *Etu |
| Proto-Japanese | *páná |
| ʔ | o | l | k | ||
| x | a | ŋ | |||
| n | e | r | e | ||
| q | ə | q | a | ʀ | |
| j | ö | ||||
| q | i | N | |||
| j | e | q | a | ||
| w | i | ɣ | |||
| k | ó | h | |||
| E | t | u | |||
| p | á | n | á |
11/10[4/10 son][4/10 voice][4/10 cont][1/10 nas][0 lat][0 del rel][0 trill][1/10 round][2/10 high][2/10 labial, 3/10 alveolar, 2/10 velar, 3/10 uvular]
→[kgxɣqɢχʁ]
11/11[5/10 front][3/10 raised][5/10 retracted][5/10 round]
→V
4/11[3/4 son][3/4 voice][2/4 cont][1/4 nas][1/4 lat][0 del rel][1/4 trill][0 round][0 high][0 labial, 4/4 alveolar, 0 velar, 0 uvular]
→[nrl]?
7/11[2/7 son][3/7 voice][2/7 cont][2/7 nas][0 lat][0 del rel][0 trill][0 round][0 high][0 labial, 0 alveolar, 3/6 velar, 3/6 uvular]
→[kgqɢ]?
5/11[1/5 front][1/5 raised][3/5 retracted][1/5 round]
→a?
1/11→∅
→[kgxɣqɢχʁ]V[nrl]?[kgqɢ]?a?
例:kulka
tooth
| Proto-Yeniseian | |
| Proto-Uralic | *piŋe |
| Proto-Eskimo | *kəɣun |
| Proto-Yukaghir | toð-; sal’qəriː |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | C *wannə |
| Proto-Nivkh | *ŋaɣzər |
| Proto-Korean | *ni(s) |
| Proto-Ainu | nii; ima(=)k |
| Proto-Japanese | *pà |
| p | i | ŋ | e | |||
| k | ə | ɣ | u | n | ||
| t | o | ð | ||||
| s | a | l’ | q | ə | r | i |
| w | a | n | n | ə | ||
| ŋ | a | ɣ | z | ə | r | |
| n | i | s | ||||
| n | i | |||||
| i | m | a | k | |||
| p | à |
8/10[4/8 son][4/8 voice][2/8 cont][3/8 nas][0 lat][0 del rel][0 trill][1/8 round][0 high][2/8 labial, 4/8 alveolar, 2/8 velar, 0 uvular]
→[tdn]
9/10[4/9 front][1/9 raised][4/9 retracted][1/9 round]
→[iëäaə]
7/10[3/7 son][5/7 voice][4/7 cont][2/7 nas][1/7 lat][0 del rel][0 trill][0 round][1/7 high][2/7 labial, 4/7 alveolar, 1/7 velar, 0 uvular]
→[dzɹ]
5/10[2/5 son][4/5 voice][2/5 cont][2/5 nas][0 lat][0 del rel][0 trill][0 round][0 high][0 labial, 2/5 alveolar, 2/5 velar, 1/5 uvular]
→[dznɹgɣŋɰ]?
7/10[1/7 front][1/7 raised][2/7 retracted][1/7 round]
→[ëaə]
4/10[3/4 son][3/4 voice][2/4 cont][1/4 nas][0 lat][0 del rel][2/4 trill][0 round][0 high][0 labial, 3/4 alveolar, 1/4 velar, 0 uvular]
→[ɹr]?
1/10→∅
→[tdn][iëäaə][dzɹ][dznɹgɣŋɰ]?[ëaə][ɹr]?
例:näzɣər
tongue
| Proto-Yeniseian | *ʔej |
| Proto-Uralic | kele (kēle) |
| Proto-Eskimo | I *uqaq(-) |
| Proto-Yukaghir | *wonor |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *jilə(jil) ? |
| Proto-Nivkh | *hilɣ |
| Proto-Korean | hyet/hita |
| Proto-Ainu | *agu |
| Proto-Japanese | *sìtà |
| ʔ | e | j | |||||
| k | e | l | e | ||||
| u | q | a | q | ||||
| w | o | n | o | r | |||
| j | i | l | ə | ||||
| h | i | l | ɣ | ||||
| h | i | t | a | ||||
| a | g | u | |||||
| s | ì | t | à |
1/9→∅
7/9[1/7 son][1/7 voice][5/7 cont][0 nas][0 lat][0 del rel][0 trill][1/7 round][0 high][1/7 labial, 1/7 alveolar, 1/7 velar, 4/7 uvular]
→χ
8/9[5/8 front][1/8 raised][2/8 retracted][1/8 round]
→i
7/9[4/7 son][5/7 voice][4/7 cont][1/7 nas][2/7 lat][0 del rel][0 trill][0 round][2/7 high][0 labial, 7/7 alveolar, 0 velar, 0 uvular]
→[dz]
3/9[0 son][2/3 voice][2/3 cont][0 nas][0 lat][0 del rel][0 trill][0 round][0 high][0 labial, 0 alveolar, 2/3 velar, 1/3 uvular]
→[kgxɣqɢχʀ]?
6/9[2/6 front][2/6 raised][3/6 retracted][2/6 round]
→V
2/9→∅
1/9→∅
→χi[dz][kgxɣqɢχʀ]?V
例:χizɣi
mouth
| Proto-Yeniseian | *χowe |
| Proto-Uralic | *śuwe |
| Proto-Eskimo | *qanəʀ(-) |
| Proto-Yukaghir | *aŋa |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *rəkərNə(n) |
| Proto-Nivkh | *amɣ |
| Proto-Korean | ip/kút |
| Proto-Ainu | *prAA= |
| Proto-Japanese | *kútú-Ci |
| χ | o | w | e | |||
| ś | u | w | e | |||
| q | a | n | ə | ʀ | ||
| a | ŋ | a | ||||
| r | ə | k | ə | r | N | ə |
| a | m | ɣ | ||||
| i | p | |||||
| k | ú | t | ||||
| p | r | A | ||||
| k | ú | t | ú | C | i |
6/10[1/6 son][1/6 voice][3/6 cont][0 nas][0 lat][1/6 trill][0 round][1/6 high][0 labial, 2/6 alveolar, 2/6 velar, 2/6 uvular]
→[tskxqχ]?
9/10[1/9 front][4/9 raised][4/9 retracted][4/9 round]
→[ɨïueëoäaə]
10/10[5/10 son][5/10 voice][2/10 cont][3/10 nas][0 lat][0 trill][2/10 round][0 high][5/10 labial, 3/10 alveolar, 2/10 velar, 0 uvular]
→[pbm]
6/10[2/6 front][1/6 raised][1/6 retracted][1/6 round]
→i?
5/10[3/4 son][4/4 voice][4/4 cont][0 nas][0 lat][3/4 trill][0 round][0 high][0 labial, 2/4 alveolar, 1/4 velar, 1/4 uvular]
→r?
1/10, 3/10→∅
→[tskxqχ]?[ɨïueëoäaə][pbm]i?r?
例:χëmir
hand
| Proto-Yeniseian | *pʌg- |
| Proto-Uralic | *käte |
| Proto-Eskimo | aðɣa(ʀ), aðɣaɣ |
| Proto-Yukaghir | ńuŋkən/ńuŋen |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *kæɣ(ə) |
| Proto-Nivkh | *damk |
| Proto-Korean | *són/tar |
| Proto-Ainu | *tE(=)k |
| Proto-Japanese | *tà-Ci |
| p | ʌ | g | |||
| k | ä | t | e | ||
| a | ð | ɣ | a | ʀ | |
| a | ð | ɣ | a | ɣ | |
| ń | u | ŋ | k | ə | n |
| ń | u | ŋ | e | n | |
| k | æ | ɣ | |||
| d | a | m | k | ||
| s | ó | n | |||
| t | a | r | |||
| t | E | k | |||
| t | à | C | i |
foot
| Proto-Yeniseian | kiʔs; bul |
| Proto-Uralic | *jalka |
| Proto-Eskimo | *itəɣaʀ |
| Proto-Yukaghir | noj-; ar- |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *kətka |
| Proto-Nivkh | *ŋazl |
| Proto-Korean | *pál |
| Proto-Ainu | urE; kEma; *tikir |
| Proto-Japanese | *pànkì |
| k | i | ʔ | s | |||
| b | u | l | ||||
| j | a | l | k | a | ||
| i | t | ə | ɣ | a | ʀ | |
| n | o | j | ||||
| a | r | |||||
| k | ə | t | k | a | ||
| ŋ | a | z | l | |||
| p | á | l | ||||
| u | r | E | ||||
| k | E | m | a | |||
| t | i | k | i | r | ||
| p | à | n | k | ì |
breast
| Proto-Yeniseian | *təga |
| Proto-Uralic | *poŋe |
| Proto-Eskimo | *əvyaŋ(ŋ)iʀ |
| Proto-Yukaghir | sis-; mel- |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *loloʀ(ə) |
| Proto-Nivkh | *məc(ɣ) |
| Proto-Korean | *cǝc |
| Proto-Ainu | *tOO[C] |
| Proto-Japanese | ti/titi |
| t | ə | g | a | |||
| p | o | ŋ | e | |||
| ə | v | y | a | ŋ | i | ʀ |
| s | i | s | ||||
| m | e | l | ||||
| l | o | l | o | ʀ | ||
| m | ə | c | ɣ | |||
| c | ǝ | c | ||||
| t | O | C | ||||
| t | i | |||||
| t | i | t | i |
meat
| Proto-Yeniseian | *ʔise |
| Proto-Uralic | pećä; siwɜ-ĺɜ |
| Proto-Eskimo | kəməɣ; uvinəɣ |
| Proto-Yukaghir | *čuː- |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | C kinuNi; C tərɣətər |
| Proto-Nivkh | *dur |
| Proto-Korean | *kòkí |
| Proto-Ainu | *kam |
| Proto-Japanese | shishi |
| ʔ | i | s | e | ||||||
| p | e | ć | ä | ||||||
| s | i | w | ɜ | ĺ | ɜ | ||||
| k | ə | m | ə | ɣ | |||||
| u | v | i | n | ə | ɣ | ||||
| č | u | ||||||||
| k | i | n | u | N | i | ||||
| t | ə | r | ɣ | ə | t | ə | r | ||
| d | u | r | |||||||
| k | ò | k | í | ||||||
| k | a | m | |||||||
| sh | i | sh | i |
blood
| Proto-Yeniseian | *sur |
| Proto-Uralic | *wire |
| Proto-Eskimo | aðuɣ, kanuɣ |
| Proto-Yukaghir | lep(k)-; čeːmə |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *mullə(mul) |
| Proto-Nivkh | cʰoχ; ŋær̥ |
| Proto-Korean | *pVhi |
| Proto-Ainu | *kEm |
| Proto-Japanese | *tí |
| s | u | r | |||
| w | i | r | e | ||
| a | ð | u | ɣ | ||
| k | a | n | u | ɣ | |
| l | e | p | k | ||
| č | e | m | ə | ||
| m | u | l | l | ə | |
| cʰ | o | χ | |||
| ŋ | æ | r̥ | |||
| p | V | h | i | ||
| k | E | m | |||
| t | í |
bone
| Proto-Yeniseian | *ʔaʔd |
| Proto-Uralic | *luwe |
| Proto-Eskimo | I *caunəq |
| Proto-Yukaghir | *am- |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *qətʀəm |
| Proto-Nivkh | ŋɨɲf |
| Proto-Korean | *sùpyé |
| Proto-Ainu | *ponE |
| Proto-Japanese | *pone |
| ʔ | a | ʔ | d | |||
| l | u | w | e | |||
| c | a | u | n | ə | q | |
| a | m | |||||
| q | ə | t | ʀ | ə | m | |
| ŋ | ɨ | ɲ | f | |||
| s | ù | p | y | é | ||
| p | o | n | E | |||
| p | o | n | e |
person
| Proto-Yeniseian | keʔt; pixe |
| Proto-Uralic | *inše |
| Proto-Eskimo | (inguɣ; taʁu 'shamanic') |
| Proto-Yukaghir | köntə; soromə |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | qəlavol ?; qəlik 'male'; C *ʀoraNvərr(at)əlʀən |
| Proto-Nivkh | *n’iɣvŋ |
| Proto-Korean | *sarʌm |
| Proto-Ainu | *kur |
| Proto-Japanese | *pítò̱ |
| k | e | ʔ | t | |||||
| p | i | x | e | |||||
| i | n | š | e | |||||
| i | n | g | u | ɣ | ||||
| k | ö | n | t | ə | ||||
| s | o | r | o | m | ə | |||
| q | ə | l | a | v | o | l | ||
| q | ə | l | i | k | ||||
| ʀ | o | r | a | Nv | ə | rr | (at)əlʀən | |
| n’ | i | ɣ | v | ŋ | ||||
| s | a | r | ʌ | m | ||||
| k | u | r | ||||||
| p | í | t | ò̱ |
name
| Proto-Yeniseian | *ʔiɢ |
| Proto-Uralic | *nime |
| Proto-Eskimo | atəʀ; acciʀ- |
| Proto-Yukaghir | ńuː; kirijə |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | C *nənnə |
| Proto-Nivkh | *qa(-) |
| Proto-Korean | ìlh(kòt)tá/na |
| Proto-Ainu | *dEE |
| Proto-Japanese | *ná |
| ʔ | i | ɢ | ||||||
| n | i | m | e | |||||
| a | t | ə | ʀ | |||||
| a | c | c | i | ʀ | ||||
| ń | u | |||||||
| k | i | r | i | j | ə | |||
| n | ə | n | n | ə | ||||
| q | a | |||||||
| ì | lh | k | ò | t | t | á | ||
| n | a | |||||||
| d | EE | |||||||
| n | á |
dog
| Proto-Yeniseian | čip ~ čib |
| Proto-Uralic | *pene |
| Proto-Eskimo | *qikmiʀ |
| Proto-Yukaghir | *laːmə |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *qətʀə(n) |
| Proto-Nivkh | *ɢanŋ |
| Proto-Korean | *kahi |
| Proto-Ainu | *gita |
| Proto-Japanese | *ìnù |
| č | i | p | |||
| č | i | b | |||
| p | e | n | e | ||
| q | i | k | m | i | ʀ |
| l | a | m | ə | ||
| q | ə | t | ʀ | ə | n |
| ɢ | a | n | ŋ | ||
| k | a | h | i | ||
| g | i | t | a | ||
| ì | n | ù |
fish
| Proto-Yeniseian | |
| Proto-Uralic | *kala |
| Proto-Eskimo | *iqałuɣ |
| Proto-Yukaghir | an-/wan-; *anjə ? |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *ənnə |
| Proto-Nivkh | *co |
| Proto-Korean | *mǝlkòkí |
| Proto-Ainu | *tiqEp |
| Proto-Japanese | *(d)íwó |
| k | a | l | a | ||||
| i | q | a | ł | u | ɣ | ||
| a | n | ||||||
| w | a | n | |||||
| a | n | j | ə | ||||
| ə | n | n | ə | ||||
| c | o | ||||||
| m | ǝ | l | k | ò | k | í | |
| t | i | q | E | p | |||
| d | í | w | ó |
louse
| Proto-Yeniseian | jog- ~ jok 'nit' |
| Proto-Uralic | *täje |
| Proto-Eskimo | *kumaɣ |
| Proto-Yukaghir | peme/pime |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *mə(l)məl |
| Proto-Nivkh | dar, hirk; *amrak |
| Proto-Korean | *ni |
| Proto-Ainu | *ki |
| Proto-Japanese | *sìrámí |
| j | o | g | ||||
| j | o | k | ||||
| t | ä | j | e | |||
| k | u | m | a | ɣ | ||
| p | e | m | e | |||
| p | i | m | e | |||
| m | ə | l | m | ə | l | |
| d | a | r | ||||
| h | i | r | k | |||
| a | m | r | a | k | ||
| n | i | |||||
| k | i | |||||
| s | ì | r | á | m | í |
tree
| Proto-Yeniseian | |
| Proto-Uralic | *puwɜ |
| Proto-Eskimo | uqviɣ; napa(ʀ)aqtuʀ |
| Proto-Yukaghir | *saː- |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *ut(tə) |
| Proto-Nivkh | *d’iɣar |
| Proto-Korean | *nàmò̱k(ó) |
| Proto-Ainu | nii; tiku= |
| Proto-Japanese | kò̱- < ko̱no̱r |
| p | u | w | ɜ | |||||||
| u | q | v | i | ɣ | ||||||
| n | a | p | a | ʀ | a | q | t | u | ʀ | |
| s | a | |||||||||
| u | t | t | ə | |||||||
| d’ | i | ɣ | a | r | ||||||
| n | à | m | ò̱ | k | ó | |||||
| n | i | |||||||||
| t | i | k | u | |||||||
| k | ò̱ | |||||||||
| k | o̱ | n | o̱ | r |
leaf
| Proto-Yeniseian | *jə̄pe |
| Proto-Uralic | lešte; lȣ̈pɜ (*lepɜ) |
| Proto-Eskimo | *pəłu |
| Proto-Yukaghir | *pöɣ- |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *wətwət |
| Proto-Nivkh | blaŋ(q), d’omr |
| Proto-Korean | *nip |
| Proto-Ainu | *hrA= |
| Proto-Japanese | *pá |
| j | ə̄ | p | e | |||
| l | e | š | t | e | ||
| l | ȣ̈ | p | ɜ | |||
| p | ə | ł | u | |||
| p | ö | ɣ | ||||
| w | ə | t | w | ə | t | |
| b | l | a | ŋ | q | ||
| d’ | o | m | r | |||
| n | i | p | ||||
| h | r | A | ||||
| p | á |
flower
| Proto-Yeniseian | |
| Proto-Uralic | *ćȣrɜ (Mansi) |
| Proto-Eskimo | |
| Proto-Yukaghir | *polčičə |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | |
| Proto-Nivkh | ɤŋvk |
| Proto-Korean | *kòcʌ́ |
| Proto-Ainu | *Epuy |
| Proto-Japanese | *páná |
| ć | ȣ | r | ɜ | ||||
| p | o | l | č | i | č | ə | |
| ɤ | ŋ | v | k | ||||
| k | ò | c | ʌ́ | ||||
| E | p | u | y | ||||
| p | á | n | á |
water
| Proto-Yeniseian | *xur |
| Proto-Uralic | *wete |
| Proto-Eskimo | *imaqtəq- |
| Proto-Yukaghir | *law- |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *(m)iməl ? |
| Proto-Nivkh | *caʀ |
| Proto-Korean | *mǝí |
| Proto-Ainu | *hdak=ka |
| Proto-Japanese | *mí |
| x | u | r | |||||
| w | e | t | e | ||||
| i | m | a | q | t | ə | q | |
| l | a | w | |||||
| i | m | ə | l | ||||
| c | a | ʀ | |||||
| m | ǝ | í | |||||
| h | d | a | k | ||||
| m | í |
fire
| Proto-Yeniseian | *boʔk |
| Proto-Uralic | *tule |
| Proto-Eskimo | *ək(ə)nəʀ |
| Proto-Yukaghir | *loč- |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | jən ?; milɣə(mil) |
| Proto-Nivkh | *tuɣ(u)r |
| Proto-Korean | *pɨr |
| Proto-Ainu | *apE |
| Proto-Japanese | *pò-Ci |
| b | o | ʔ | k | ||||
| t | u | l | e | ||||
| ə | k | n | ə | ʀ | |||
| l | o | č | |||||
| j | ə | n | |||||
| m | i | l | ɣ | ə | m | i | l |
| t | u | ɣ | u | r | |||
| p | ɨ | r | |||||
| a | p | E | |||||
| p | ò | C | i |
stone
| Proto-Yeniseian | *čɨʔs |
| Proto-Uralic | *kiwe |
| Proto-Eskimo | qaluʀ; uyaʀaɣ |
| Proto-Yukaghir | söj-/sej- |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *ɣəv(ɣəv) |
| Proto-Nivkh | *baʀ |
| Proto-Korean | *tərək |
| Proto-Ainu | suma; pOqina |
| Proto-Japanese | *(d)ísò |
| č | ɨ | ʔ | s | ||||
| k | i | w | e | ||||
| q | a | l | u | ʀ | |||
| u | y | a | ʀ | a | ɣ | ||
| s | ö | j | |||||
| s | e | j | |||||
| ɣ | ə | v | ɣ | ə | v | ||
| b | a | ʀ | |||||
| t | ə | r | ə | k | |||
| s | u | m | a | ||||
| p | O | q | i | n | a | ||
| d | í | s | ò |
earth
| Proto-Yeniseian | *baʔŋ |
| Proto-Uralic | *maγe |
| Proto-Eskimo | nuna, nunałit- |
| Proto-Yukaghir | luk-; öninč’ə |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *nutæ ? 'land' |
| Proto-Nivkh | *miv |
| Proto-Korean | *nu(r)i |
| Proto-Ainu | *tOy |
| Proto-Japanese | *tùtì 'land' |
| b | a | ʔ | ŋ | |||||
| m | a | γ | e | |||||
| n | u | n | a | |||||
| n | u | n | a | ł | i | t | ||
| l | u | k | ||||||
| ö | n | i | n | č’ | ə | |||
| n | u | t | æ | |||||
| m | i | v | ||||||
| n | u | r | i | |||||
| t | O | y | ||||||
| t | ù | t | ì |
salt
| Proto-Yeniseian | *čəʔ |
| Proto-Uralic | salɜ (sala) |
| Proto-Eskimo | *taʀ(ə)yuʀ |
| Proto-Yukaghir | |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | |
| Proto-Nivkh | *davc(iŋ) |
| Proto-Korean | *sokom |
| Proto-Ainu | *sippO |
| Proto-Japanese |
| č | ə | ʔ | ||||
| s | a | l | ɜ | |||
| t | a | ʀ | ə | y | u | ʀ |
| d | a | v | c | i | ŋ | |
| s | o | k | o | m | ||
| s | i | p | p | O |
road
| Proto-Yeniseian | *qoʔt |
| Proto-Uralic | *teje |
| Proto-Eskimo | |
| Proto-Yukaghir | čuɣö; jaw- |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | rəʀet; təlanvə 'way' |
| Proto-Nivkh | *d’iv |
| Proto-Korean | *kil |
| Proto-Ainu | *truu |
| Proto-Japanese | *mítí < honorific prefix mi- + ti 'road' |
| q | o | ʔ | t | ||||
| t | e | j | e | ||||
| č | u | ɣ | ö | ||||
| j | a | w | |||||
| r | ə | ʀ | e | t | |||
| t | ə | l | a | n | v | ə | |
| d’ | i | v | |||||
| k | i | l | |||||
| t | r | u | |||||
| m | í | t | í |
eat
| Proto-Yeniseian | *siɢ- |
| Proto-Uralic | sewe- (seγe-) |
| Proto-Eskimo | |
| Proto-Yukaghir | *leɣ- |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *nu- |
| Proto-Nivkh | *n’i- |
| Proto-Korean | *mǝk- |
| Proto-Ainu | *EE |
| Proto-Japanese | *kup- |
| s | i | ɢ | |
| s | e | w | e |
| l | e | ɣ | |
| n | u | ||
| n’ | i | ||
| m | ǝ | k | |
| EE | |||
| k | u | p |
die
| Proto-Yeniseian | *qɔ- |
| Proto-Uralic | *kola- |
| Proto-Eskimo | *tuqu(-) |
| Proto-Yukaghir | am-/wam- |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | C *viʀ- |
| Proto-Nivkh | *mu |
| Proto-Korean | *cuk- |
| Proto-Ainu | *day |
| Proto-Japanese | *sín- |
| q | ɔ | ||
| k | o | l | a |
| t | u | q | u |
| a | m | ||
| w | a | m | |
| v | i | ʀ | |
| m | u | ||
| c | u | k | |
| d | a | y | |
| s | í | n |
I
| Proto-Yeniseian | *ʔadᶻ |
| Proto-Uralic | *mȣ̈ |
| Proto-Eskimo | uvaŋa; (vi) |
| Proto-Yukaghir | *mət |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | *kəm |
| Proto-Nivkh | *n’i |
| Proto-Korean | *na/uri |
| Proto-Ainu | *ku= |
| Proto-Japanese | *bàn[u] |
| ʔ | a | dᶻ | |||
| m | ȣ̈ | ||||
| u | v | a | ŋ | a | |
| v | i | ||||
| m | ə | t | |||
| k | ə | m | |||
| n’ | i | ||||
| n | a | ||||
| u | r | i | |||
| k | u | ||||
| b | à | n | u |
2/11→∅
8/11[4/8 son][7/8 voice][3/8 cont][3/8 nas][0 lat][1/8 trill][0 round][1/8 high][5/8 labial, 2/8 alveolar, 1/8 velar, 0 uvular]
→[bvm]
8/11[4/8 front][0 raised][2/7 retracted][0 round]
→[iə]
7/11[4/7 son][4/7 voice][1/7 cont][4/7 nas][0 lat][0 trill][0 round][0 high][1/7 labial, 3/7 alveolar, 2/7 velar, 1/7 uvular]
→[tdn]
5/11[0 front][2/5 raised][3/5 retracted][2/5 round]
→[iuëoaə]?
1/11→∅
→[bvm][iə][tdn][iuëoaə]?
例:minë
you
| Proto-Yeniseian | ʔaw ~ ʔu; kʌ- ~ *ʔʌk- |
| Proto-Uralic | *tȣ̈ |
| Proto-Eskimo | əlpət, əłvət |
| Proto-Yukaghir | *tit |
| Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan | kəð; tur(i) |
| Proto-Nivkh | *ci |
| Proto-Korean | *ne |
| Proto-Ainu | *E= |
| Proto-Japanese | si/so̱-; *na |
| ʔ | a | w | |||
| ʔ | u | ||||
| k | ʌ | ||||
| ʔ | ʌ | k | |||
| t | ȣ̈ | ||||
| ə | l | p | ə | t | |
| ə | ł | v | ə | t | |
| t | i | t | |||
| k | ə | ð | |||
| t | u | r | i | ||
| c | i | ||||
| n | e | ||||
| E | |||||
| s | i | ||||
| s | o̱ | ||||
| n | a |
2/15→∅
9/15[0 son][1/9 voice][1/9 cont][0 nas][0 lat][0 trill][0 round][0 high][2/9 labial, 2/9 alveolar, 2/9 velar, 3/9 uvular]
→ʔ
10/15[1/9 front][2/9 raised][3/9 retracted][2 round]
→[aə]
12/15[4/12 son][5/12 voice][5/12 cont][2/12 nas][0 lat][1/12 trill][1/12 round][1/12 high][1 labial, 10/12 alveolar, 1/12 velar, 0 uvular]
→[tdsz]
7/15[5/7 front][1/6 raised][2/6 retracted][1/6 round]
→i?
→ʔ[aə][tdsz]i?
例:ʔəti
文法
形態論
Exclusively suffixal morphology
Accusative case, genitive case and at least three local cases.
singular, plural and dual number.
The absence of adjectives and adverbs as morphologically distinct parts of speech.
Evidentiality marking.
Indicative markers based on participles.
Possessive suffixes
統語
The presence of a copula, used as an auxiliary verb.
Negation expressed by an auxiliary verb (known as a negative verb)
Subordinate clauses based on non-finite verb forms.